Schlumberger brothers
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Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger were brothers from Alsace, France (one a physicist and one an engineer). They had the idea to measure the resistivity of rocks in order to acquire information about their nature (chalk, sandstone, granite,...)
These ideas were very successful, and they founded the Société de Prospection Electrique, that became later Schlumberger Limited. They made measurement tools, and sold their services to oil companies who wanted to know where it was worth drilling a well. Their principle laid the foundation of wireline logging, a technology still widely used in modern petroleum engineering.