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- Protein (17280 bytes)
3: ...her proteins play structural or mechanical roles, such as those that form the struts and joints of the...
14: ...]—or segments of chain that [[Random coil|assume no stable shape]]. Secondary structures are loc...
16: ...called ''[[protein subunit|subunit proteins]]'' ''subunits'' in this context, which function as part o...
18: ...nts, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually referred to as "[[Chemical conformation|confo...
20: ... ionic interactions, and [[disulfide bond]]s are usually involved too.
Page text matches
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1937 bytes)
3: [[Image:HodgkinOM20040420CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Order of Merit medal of ...
5: ...tobacco mosaic virus]], [[vitamin B12]], and [[insulin]]. This latter achievement took her 34 years, ... - Botany (8977 bytes)
9: ...s, [[cell biology|cells]], [[biological tissue|tissues]], [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, individuals, pla...
11: ...a, fungi, and algae are usually covered, somewhat superficially, in introductory botany courses.
28: ...s]], come from [[fermentation|fermenting]] plants such as [[hops]] and [[grapes]].
30: ...hout the cultivation of the [[mulberry]] plant. [[Sugarcane]] and other plants have recently been put ...
53: ...al)|cork]]; a short time later in living plant tissue. The German [[Leonhart Fuchs]], the Swiss [[Conr... - Gastrointestinal tract (16596 bytes)
4: The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. For instance, ...
51: When we eat such things as bread, meat, and vegetables, they are...
63: ...ever, as the food approaches the closed ring, the surrounding muscles relax and allow the food to pass...
69: ...are propelled into the colon, where they remain, usually for a day or two, until the feces are expelle...
75: ...e to resist the juice, although food and other tissues of the body cannot. - Immune system (14564 bytes)
1: ... organs dedicated to the maintenance of immunity, such as the [[thymus]].
6: ...seful insights into immunology, higher organisms (such as [[mammal]]s) have immune systems of increasi...
8: ...a]], [[parasite]]s), some [[poison]]s, as well as suppressing [[cancer]].
13: ...nt system]], for instance, recognizes [[mannose]] sugars that appear only in the [[polysaccharide]] co...
15: ...[[T cell]]s that directly destroys cells) contain surface-mounted [[T cell receptor|receptors]] that t... - Brain (22060 bytes)
1: ...tem]]. Although the brain is usually cited as the supervisory center of [[vertebrate]] nervous systems...
3: ...tic]] body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, fluid balance and body temperature. Functions ...
5: ...s gaps known as [[synapse]]s. Small invertebrates such as [[insect]]s may have a million [[neuron]]s i...
9: ...large ''optical lobes'' behind each [[eye]] for visual processing and a central brain with three divis...
11: ...ains. These convolutions evolved to provide more surface area for a greater number of neurons while k... - Pulmonary alveolus (8193 bytes)
6: ...t of an epithelial layer and extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. In some alveolar walls t...
8: ...ype II cells that secrete surfactant to lower the surface tension
10: ...d surfactants, and [[pore]]s help to equalize pressures and prevent collapse.
16: ... to humidification of inspired air by the lung tissues.
18: ...pillaries. However, carbon monoxide is stored in such high concentrations in the blood, due to its st... - Eye (21834 bytes)
1: ...ing two separate "images" ([[monocular vision]]), such as in [[rabbit]]s and [[chameleon]]s.
9: ... a [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] gel-like substance called the [[vitreous humour]], with a foc...
11: ...otosensitive cell(s). Some eyes have up to 28,000 such sensors, which are arranged hexagonally, and wh...
13: ...ds, which have soft eyes. The number of lenses in such an eye varies, however: some trilobites had onl...
15: ...o more. This enables snails to keep out of direct sunlight. - Kidney (12846 bytes)
7: ...kidney is an [[adrenal gland]] (also called the ''suprarenal gland'').
9: ...ertebra]]l level T12 to L3, and the right kidney usually lies slightly lower than the left in order to...
11: ...th and twelfth [[rib]]s, and each whole kidney is surrounded by two layers of fat (the perirenal fat a...
18: ...sule]], which is a layer of [[loose connective tissue]].
24: ...f the glomerulus and the neighbouring Bowman's capsule wall to produce the glomerular filtrate, which ... - Liver (11441 bytes)
5: ...iver lies [[anterior]] to the [[gallbladder]] and superior to the right [[kidney]].
7: The liver is supplied by two major blood vessels: the [[hepatic a...
11: ...[regeneration (biology)|regeneration]] of lost tissue; as little as 25% of remaining liver can regener...
13: ===Surface anatomy===
14: ...natomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. - Thyroid (5421 bytes)
14: ...[[iodine]] (more accurately iodide ions, I<sup>-</sup>) from the bloodstream and concentrate it for pr...
18: ...the thyroid gland can be considerably enlarged, resulting in the swollen necks of endemic [[goitre]].
20: ...r example, administering a thyroid-blocking agent such as propylthiouracil can prevent tadpoles from m...
22: ... thyroid hormone deficiency are easily treated by supplementation with synthetic thyroxine, which enab...
24: ... in the wider world such preventive measures are usually not stockpiled before an accident, nor are th... - Parathyroid gland (1913 bytes)
3: ...crine system|endocrine]] [[gland]]s in the neck, usually located within the [[thyroid]] gland, which p...
14: ...." The primary treatment for this disease is the surgical removal of the faulty lobe. - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
1: ...al]]s, the '''adrenal glands''' (also known as '''suprarenal glands''') are the triangle-shaped [[endo...
5: ...drenal gland, while the adrenal cortex covers its surface.
7: ...hesis. Other cortical cells produce [[androgen]]s such as [[testosterone]], while some regulate [[wate...
11: ...d from the [[embryo]]nic [[neural crest]] and, as such, are simply modified [[neuron]]s. In particular...
13: In response to [[stressor]]s such as [[exercise]] or imminent danger, medullary c... - Connective tissue (1646 bytes)
1: ...nnective tissue''' is any type of [[biological tissue]] with an extensive [[extracellular matrix]]. T...
3: ...d extracellular matrix, and functions for general support.
4: * [[Loose connective tissue]] holds organs and epithelia in place, and has a...
5: * [[Fibrous connective tissue]] forms [[ligament]]s and [[tendon]]s.
6: ... cartilage is composed primarily of [[chondroitin sulfate]]. - Epithelium (4397 bytes)
1: ...f blood vessels) or external (e.g. [[skin]]) free surfaces of the body.
14: ...e diffusion of water, [[electrolytes]], and other substances.
15: .... The [[cell nucleus|nuclei]] of these cells are usually located in the center.
16: ...ections called [[microvilli]]. They increase the surface area for absorption.
20: ...uches the [[basal lamina]]. Stratified cells can usually withstand large amounts of stress. - Chromosome (12667 bytes)
14: ...pressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences.
188: ...e abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as [[translocations]], or [[chromosomal inversi...
196: ...drome]] (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile. They tend to have longer arms and le...
200: *[[small supernumerary marker chromosome]] - Silk (8683 bytes)
8: ..., the silk trade reached as far as the [[India]]n subcontinent, the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]], and N...
11: ... its production. This effort at secrecy had mixed success. Sericulture reached [[Korea]] around [[200 ...
15: ...he cocoons, which are gathered in the wild, have usually already been chewed through by the pupa or ca...
23: ...the Mediterranean and Middle East by the time the superior, and stronger, cultivated silk from China b...
36: ...ed dramatically and US industry begun to look for substitutes, which led to the use of [[synthetic]]s ... - Process (6114 bytes)
1: '''Process''' (lat. processus - movement) is a naturally occurring or designed...
7: ...hich explains the origin of species. (generally assumed to be an example of a recurrent process)
8: ...an example of a ''divine process''. (generally assumed to be a singular process)
22: ... processing unit|CPU]] core. Some new processors, such as [[Intel]]'s [[Pentium 4]] with [[Hyperthread...
25: ... and managers take to create software. The steps usually include [[requirements analysis]], [[programm... - Legume (2428 bytes)
8: ...that develops from a simple '''[[carpel]]''' and usually '''''dehisces''''' (opens along a seam) on tw...
12: ...s'''. The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industria... - Feather (5296 bytes)
5: ...ainst [[predator]]s and sometimes as a means of visual communication. Although individual feathers ar...
7: ...are underneath the vaned feathers, providing an insulating layer. The [[pennaceous feather|pennaceous...
11: Some birds have a supply of [[powder down]]. Powder down feathers grow...
17: ...eathers most likely originated as a filamentous insulation structure, or possibly as markers for matin...
22: ...]]s, not whether birds are dinosaurs. It has been suggested that ''Pedopenna'' is older than ''Archaeo... - Hippopotamus (6778 bytes)
17: ...10 minutes. They feed on land mostly at night, consuming as much as 50 kg (110 lb) of vegetation a day...
19: ...rs old. Hippos are still found in the rivers of [[Sudan]], northern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo... - Honey (11666 bytes)
4: ...that does not allow for the addition of any other substance. This includes, but is not limited to, wat...
6: ...lavor which leads some people to prefer it over [[sugar]] and other [[sweetener]]s.
8: ...tent remains under 18%, virtually no organism can successfully multiply to significant amounts in hone...
14: ...]] of about 1500 [[kilogram|kg]]/[[metre|m<sup>3</sup>]] (50% denser than [[water]]).
19: *[[Sucrose]]: 1% - Cotton (7876 bytes)
2: ...n plant]], a [[shrub]] native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the [[Old World]] and th...
13: ...n the name for cotton in many European languages, such as [[German language|German]] ''Baumwolle'', wh...
26: ...re fiber. In 2002, cotton was grown on 330,000 km² of farmland. 47 billion pounds (21 million t) ...
28: The cotton industry relies heavily on chemicals such as [[fertilizer]]s and [[insecticide]]s, althou...
58: ...[cottonseed oil]], which after refining can be consumed by humans like any other [[vegetable oil]]. T... - Koala (10686 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_subclassis_entry | taxon = [[Marsupialia]]}}
10: {{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = [[Vombatiformes]]}}
18: ...t'''u'''s cinereus'') is a thickset arboreal [[marsupial]] [[herbivore]] endemic to [[Australia]], and...
22: ...nterland]] as there is enough rainfall to support suitable forest. The koalas of [[South Australia]] w...
26: ...ces between individual Koalas in any given region such as hair color. - Spider (29039 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Families...
11: '''Suborder [[Mesothelae]]'''<br /> <!-- Families miss...
15: '''Suborder [[Mygalomorphae]]'''<br />
24: '''Suborder [[Araneomorphae]]'''<br />
79: divided into three sub-orders in newer systems: the [[Mygalomorphae]] (... - Flower (10503 bytes)
9: ...' – the whorl of ''[[petal]]s'', which are usually thin, soft, and colored to attract insects th...
11: ... the '''stigma''', is the receptor of pollen. The supportive stalk, the '''style''' becomes the pathwa...
13: ...onships among plant species. For example, the two subclasses of flowering plants may be distinguished...
18: ...ion occurs in flowers that always self-fertilize, such as the [[dandelion|common dandelion]]. Converse...
20: ...In botanical terminology, a single [[daisy]] or [[sunflower]] for example, is not a flower but a flowe... - Food (24212 bytes)
3: ...nergy]] and of [[nutrition]] for animals, and is usually of [[animal]] or [[plant]] [[origin]].
9: *any substance or product, whether processed, partially p...
12: *articles and substances used as an [[ingredient]] or [[component]...
23: ...which must be hunted and killed in order to be consumed. Additionally, it is believed that humans hav...
25: ...of [[infectious disease]]s. The types of food consumed, and the way in which they are prepared vary w... - Cereal (6537 bytes)
2: ...]s, cereal consumption is more moderate but still substantial. The word '''cereal''' has its origin i...
40: ... the hardiest cereal, able to overwinter in the [[subarctic]] and [[Siberia]]. Wheat is the most popul...
46: ...ime because they require '''vernalization''' (exposure to low temperature for a genetically determined...
48: ...ed in early springtime and mature later that same summer, without vernalization. Spring cereals typica...
54: ...g methods are in use, from combines to hand tools such as scythes. - Seed (4968 bytes)
1: ... reproduction and dispersal is attested to by the success of these two groups of plants in dominating ...
4: ...k]], [[walnut]], [[Squash (vegetable)|squash]], [[sunflower]], and [[radish]]. Plant seeds with an end...
10: ...ers not buried in the soil. [[Abscisic acid]] is usually the growth inhibitor in seeds.
12: ...at of the so-called '''[[Drupe|stone]]''' fruits (such as the [[peach]]).
15: ... payoff must come in achieving similar or greater success with fewer dispersal units. - Carnivorous plant (44834 bytes)
2: ...trient]]s (but not [[energy]]) by trapping and consuming [[animal]]s,
3: ...]]s and other [[arthropod]]s. Carnivorous plants usually
5: especially [[nitrogen]], such as acidic [[bog]]s and rock outcroppings.
16: *Bladder traps, which suck in prey with a bladder that generates an intern...
20: such as ''[[Triphyophyllum]]'', which secrete mucila... - Cell biology (3658 bytes)
1: ...des their [[physiology|physiological]] properties such as their structure and the [[organelles]] they ...
8: ...ins can move to the [[plasma membrane]], to other subcellular comparments or they can be secreted from... - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
2: ...ns have an estimated 100,000 billion = 10<sup>14</sup> cells).
16: ...[[protein]]s, the functional workhorses of cells, such as [[enzyme]]s. A typical [[mammal|mammalian]]...
17: ...rnal and internal [[signal transduction|stimuli]] such as changes in temperature, [[pH]] or nutrient l...
21: ...'), the cell wall (''intermediate blue''), the capsule (''orange''), ribosomes (''dark blue''), and a ...
23: ... cells are specialized. 220 types of cells and tissues make up the multicellular [[human]] body. - Ribosome (4897 bytes)
1: ... structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). Side and front view. <br/><small>(1) He...
7: ...ence of rRNA alone, albeit at a slower rate. This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes ac...
13: ...ng|frame|'''Figure 2 :''' Large (1) and small (2) subunit fit together]]
16: ...lyribosome'' or ''[[polysome]]''. Free ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used in the cytosol...
19: ...ansported to their destinations. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the cel... - Cytoskeleton (4391 bytes)
1: ...shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as [[flagellum|flagella]] and [[cilium|cilia]])...
18: ...ade of [[vimentin]]s, being the common structural support of many cells.
21: *made of [[Lamin]], giving structural support to the nuclear envelope.
44: Prokaryotic actin-like proteins, such as [[MreB]], are involved in the maintenance of... - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
3: ...re prominent where there are a lot of substances, such as [[enzyme]]s, being secreted.
9: ...f the Golgi apparatus is quite complex and is the subject of scientific dispute. The Golgi apparatus c... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
1: ...otein]]s, makes [[macromolecule]]s, and transfers substances throughout the cell.
21: ... are called smooth ER (SER). The ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER insert the freshly produced ...
32: ... various [[lipid]]s (e.g., for building membranes such as [[phospholipid]]s), [[fatty acid]]s and [[st...
38: In [[striated muscle]] it is specially adapted to surround the [[myofibrils]], forming triads with inv...
54: ...'Disulfide bond formation and rearrangement.''' Disulfide bonds stabilize the tertiary and quaternary ... - Mitochondrion (10103 bytes)
3: ...tozoa]]n, have a single large mitochondrion, but usually a cell has hundreds or thousands of mitochond...
11: ...ed form increases that capacity by increasing the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
16: ...f [[enzyme]]s involved in such diverse activities such as the [[oxidation]] of [[epinephrine]] (adrena...
18: ... unusual phospholipid, [[cardiolipin]], which is usually characteristic of [[bacteria]]l [[plasma memb...
26: ...in many important [[metabolism|metabolic]] tasks, such as: - Nuclear envelope (959 bytes)
1: ...envelope is called the perinuclear space, and is usually about 20 - 100 nm wide. The outer membrane is... - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
1: ...es the low pH by pumping in [[proton]]s (H<sup>+</sup>) from the cytosol, and also protects the cytoso...
5: ...hydrate]]s, which digest [[carbohydrate]]s (e.g., sugars),
9: ...ell's own recycling process (where old components such as worn out [[mitochondria]] are continuously d...
12: ...lysaccharidoses]], [[GM2 gangliosidosis|GM<sub>2</sub> gangliosidoses]], [[lipid storage disorder]]s, ... - Cell nucleus (3211 bytes)
4: ...RER. The nuclear face of the nuclear envelope is surrounded by a scaffold of filaments called the [[n...
10: The whole structure is surrounded by cytoplasm. (Drawing is based on ER ima...
12: ...]), in which many substances are dissolved. These substances include nucleotide triphospates, [[enzyme...
18: ... densely-stained structures at which [[ribosome]] subunits are assembled. - Eukaryote (9230 bytes)
5: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = #e0d0b0 | plural_taxon = [[Kin...
17: ...mon origin, and are often treated formally as a [[superkingdom]], [[empire]], or [[three-domain system...
19: ...okaryotes, typically a thousand times by volume. Usually, they have a variety of internal membranes an...
25: ...rane-bound organelles are ultimately derived from such vesicles.
27: ...ey synthesize enter the interior space or lumen. Subsequently, they generally enter vesicles, which b... - Myofibril (4430 bytes)
2: ...ther on the long axis of the cell. The sarcomeric subunits of one myofibril are in nearly perfect alig...
7: The names of the various sub-regions of the sarcomere are based on their rela... - Peroxisome (2015 bytes)
1: ...proteins that are critical for various functions, such as for importing proteins into their interiors ...
4: ...ain [[enzyme]]s concerned with oxygen utilization such as [[D-amino acid oxidase]] and [[urease oxidas...
5: ...>O<sub>2</sub> → 4H<sub>2</sub>O + 2O<sub>2</sub>.
7: ...where they then function to rid the cell of toxic substances. - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (16156 bytes)
8: ...e comparable to other dreaded livestock diseases, such as [[Foot and mouth disease|foot and mouth]] an...
11: ...can occur when healthy animals consume tainted tissues from others with the disease. In the brain thes...
14: ...een shown experimentally to be present elsewhere, such as blood.
16: ...his requirement had been eased in Britain as a measure to keep prices competitive.
18: ... published by the [http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk UK CJD Surveillance Centre] in Edinburgh. - Evolution (27661 bytes)
31: ...s somewhat arbitrary, their universality strongly suggests common ancestry.
33: ...modern Earth. The 1953 [[Miller-Urey experiment]] suggests that conditions on the ancient earth may ha...
40: ... the evolution of organisms with hard body parts, such as shell, bone, and teeth, but exists in the fo...
44: ...ons. [[Vertebrate]] limbs are a common example of such ''homologous structures''. A [[vestigial organ|...
47: ...equence comparison is considered such a robust measure that it is sometimes used to correct mistakes i... - Barbecue (24807 bytes)
4: ... or a party that includes such food. Barbecue is usually cooked in a covered environment heated by an ...
8: ... areas. The device used for cooking barbecue can usually be used for both barbecuing and grilling and ...
10: ...hod, the meat should be turned several times to ensure complete cooking.
23: ...rrelevant. Even vegetarian alternatives to meat, such as [[soyburger]]s can be barbecued. The meat m...
26: ...shable from grilled meats to those who would make such a distinction. With high heat barbecuing (often... - DNA (29095 bytes)
10: ...ccurate-but-impossible-to-read one! It has been assumed from the beginning that this is not necessaril...
14: ... the article. If you find that curious, or even absurd, think how you would feel if some article which...
35: ... is contaminated with the DNA of several possible suspects.
41: ...ause DNA strands are composed of these nucleotide subunits, they are [[polymer]]s.
49: ... is chemical bonds between the phosphates and the sugars that link one nucleotide to the next in the D... - Giant Panda (7693 bytes)
15: ... "black-and-white cat-foot") is a [[mammal]] now usually classified in the [[bear]] family, [[Ursidae]...
21: ...utes, but the male may mount repeatedly to ensure successful fertilization. Mating is also a very noi...
23: ...e is only able to care for one of her cubs. She usually abandons her weaker cub in a cave or tree, an...
25: ...ub is first born, it is pink, naked and blind and sucks from its mothers breast 6-14 times a day for 3...
29: ...ild and in captivity. About 1,600 are believed to survive in the wild. - Microbiology (4238 bytes)
5: * They are small, therefore they do not consume many resources
7: * Cells can easily survive in isolation from other cells
16: ...rent antibiotics, [[beer]], [[vinegar]] and other substances. - Mango (12190 bytes)
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = Sp...
36: ...ean]], South and Central [[Africa]], the [[Indian Subcontinent]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Australia]...
39: ...flower]]s emerge they give off a mild sweet odour suggestive of [[lily of the valley]]. After the flow...
41: ... that can be [[fibre|fibrous]] or hairless on the surface, depending on variety. Inside the shell, whi...
43: ... fruit flesh of a ripe mango contains about 15% [[sugar]], up to 1% [[protein]], and significant amoun... - Amygdala (2653 bytes)
3: ...disorder]], [[phobia]]s and [[schizophrenia]] are suspected of being linked to abnormal functioning of... - Prostate (3581 bytes)
1: ...prostate is slightly larger than a [[walnut]]. It surrounds the [[urethra]] just below the [[urinary b...
5: ...rostate also contains some [[smooth muscle]] [[tissue]] which helps to expel semen during [[ejaculatio...
7: ...n species. They are generally composed of simple sugars, and are often slightly [[Base (chemistry)|ba...
15: ...d with [[antibiotics]], [[prostate massage]] or [[surgery]].
17: ...nserted through the urethra to remove prostate tissue that is pressing against the upper part of the u... - Dairy product (4337 bytes)
1: ...[[cow]]s, but occasionally from other [[mammal]]s such as [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], [[water buffalo]], [[y...
5: ... 30 main products made from milk with a number of sub-products in each category. Dairy products includ...
18: ... has been concentrated by evaporation, often with sugar added for longer life in an opened can
19: ...s concentrated than condensed) milk without added sugar
61: [[Got Milk?]] is an international organization supporting dairy products, especially [[milk]]. - Arthropod (9248 bytes)
7: ...ction_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Subphyla and Classes}}
8: *'''Subphylum [[Trilobitomorpha]]'''
10: *'''Subphylum [[Chelicerata]]'''
14: *'''Subphylum [[Myriapoda]]'''
19: *'''Subphylum [[Hexapoda]]''' - Water Buffalo (6557 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Bovinae]]}}
17: ...Water Buffalo''' is a very large [[ungulate]]. It survives in the wild in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhut...
18: [[Image:1sukhothai07A.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Water Buffalo, Tha...
19: ... single [[species]], ''Bubalus arnee'' with two [[subspecies]], the River (''B. arnee bubalis'') and S...
25: ...und throughout the lowland tropics. Part of their success is due to their ability to thrive on poor fo... - Scorpion (12441 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_subphylum_entry | taxon = [[Chelicerata]]}}
18: ...he upper surface by the tergites and on the lower surface by the sternites
26: ...ith less potent venom use their larger pincers to subdue prey.
30: ... regions of strongly contrasting light intensity, such as horizons. The eyes are however very sensitiv...
36: ...ess to humans; stings produce only local effects (such as pain, numbness or swelling). However a few s... - List of chemists (10401 bytes)
137: *[[Paracelsus]], (1493-1541), alchemist - Tyrannosaurus rex (20653 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_superordo_entry | taxon = [[Dinosaur|Dinosauria]]}}
22: ...al. Compared to other giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as ''[[Allosaurus]]'', ''Tyrannosaurus'' appear...
24: ...ender for an animal of this size. Recent research suggests that an adult ''Tyrannosaurus'' could not r...
35: ...arge ones because of their proportionately larger surface areas.
40: ...y nerve]]s, as wide as the [[spinal cord]]. These suggest a highly developed sense of smell, allegedly... - Prokaryote (4630 bytes)
1: ...yon'' [[nut]], referring to the cell nucleus, + [[suffix]] ''-otos'', [[plural|pl.]] ''-otes''; also s...
4: ...osome]]s, which produce protein. Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
6: ...processes where DNA is transferred between cells, such as [[transformation_(genetics)|transformation]]...
11: ...such as high temperatures or salinity. Organisms such as these are referred to as [[extremophiles]]. ...
16: ...ly known place where prokaryotes exist, some have suggested structures within a Martian [[meteorite]] ... - Nutrition (42689 bytes)
1: ...neral nutrition guide for recommended [[food]] consumption.]]
4: ...ive impacts on health, which may lead to diseases such as [[scurvy]], [[obesity]] or [[osteoporosis]],...
8: ...phorus]], and may or may not contain [[minerals]] such as [[calcium]], [[iron]], and [[zinc]]. Mineral...
14: ...ntifically]] valid nutritional study very time-consuming and expensive, and explains why a proper scie...
16: ...sential and vital nutrients per unit of energy, resulting in better management of cell growth, mainten... - Plant cell (2762 bytes)
11: ...ively dead so they can serve the plant without consuming vital nutrients.
13: ==Tissue types==
14: ...pecies of plants. However, the amount of these tissues will vary for different plant species.
20: *[[Vascular tissue]] - Responsible for transport of materials throu...
21: ... starch storage and structural support. Ground tissues may be composed of one of three cell types - Alfalfa (6719 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Faboideae]]}}
13: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightblue | plural_taxon = Spe...
37: ... fertilized with manure or chemical fertilizer. Usually, a seeding rate of 13 - 17 kg/hectare (12 - 1...
41: ...e sometimes used to prevent this. Alfalfa is also susceptible to [[Texas Root Rot]]. The plant is also...
47: When alfalfa is to be used as [[hay]], it is usually cut and baled. Loose haystacks are still used... - Flamingo (4496 bytes)
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}...
20: ...icopteridae''') are gregarious [[wading birds]], usually 3–5 feet in height, found in both the w...
24: ...lae which line the mandibles, and the large rough-surfaced tongue.
26: ...[[carotene|carotenoids]] obtained from their food supply. All flamingos have 12 black flight feathers ...
32: ...thumb|250px|Flamingos are communal birds and are usually found in large flocks.]] - Mushroom (6650 bytes)
3: ...e fruiting body of any fungus, with the mycelium usually being hidden under bark, ground, rotted wood,...
9: ...shroom hunters, and the act of collecting them as such is called [[mushroom hunting]] — an activ...
13: ...ap is attached like a bracket to the substratum, usually a log or tree trunk. Some bracket fungi have ...
21: ...egurgitate (see [[emetic]]s) the meal or avoid consumption altogether (see [[Mushroom poisoning]]).
23: ...shrooms are eaten for their psychoactive effects, such as [[Amanita muscaria|fly agaric]], which is us... - Geyser (14881 bytes)
9: ...an structure; many consist of a small vent at the surface connected to one or more narrow tubes that l...
12: ...e water in the reservoir to become [[superheating|superheated]], i.e. to remain [[liquid]] at temperat...
14: ...], boiling violently throughout the column. The resulting froth of expanding steam and hot water then ...
16: ...again. The duration of eruptions and time between successive eruptions vary greatly from geyser to gey...
20: ... siliceous sinter (also known as [[geyserite]]), usually in steady jets that last anywhere from a few ... - Mosquito (10897 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = [[Eudiptera]]}}
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Genera}}
15: ...5 [[milligram|mg]] (0.03 to 0.04 [[Grain (measure)|grain]]). They can fly at about 1.5 to 2.5&nb...
21: ...ere mosquitoes breed), and the use of repellants, such as [[citronella]] candles.
25: ... females, with mouth parts not suitable for blood sucking. There is one genus of mosquitoes, ''[[Toxo... - Black widow spider (5745 bytes)
22: ...ontractions of the muscles. Standard treatments usually involve symptomatic therapy with pain medicat...
26: ...ty to thirty days, but rarely do more than twelve survive through this process, due to [[cannibalism]]... - Aztec (38742 bytes)
7: '''Aztec''' is usually used as a historical term, although some cont...
14: ...m pre-conquest Mexicans. This usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years, and conseque...
17: ... are proposed: the old [[Nahuatl]] word for the [[sun]], the name of their leader [[Mexitli]], or a ty...
19: ...ed Nahuatl translator, [[Miguel León-Portilla]], suggests that it is derived from ''mexictli'', "nave...
25: ... including luxury goods like feathers and adorned suits as well as more practical goods. - Sequencing (2283 bytes)
2: ...iction known as a '''sequence''' which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the... - Genetic code (15677 bytes)
6: ...e of the related polymer [[RNA]], which is better suited for protein synthesis. This in turn is [[tran...
8: ...ed by [[uracil]] ('''U''') and the deoxyribose is substituted by [[ribose]].
10: Overall, there are 4<sup>3</sup> = 64 different codon combinations. For example...
93: AUU (Ile/I)[[Isoleucine]], ''Start''<sup>2</sup><br />
96: AUG (Met/M)[[Methionine]], ''Start''<sup>1</sup><br /> - Caterpillar (3956 bytes)
8: ...e the earth (the word 'geometrid' means 'earth-measurer' in [[Greek language|Greek]]).
19: More aggressive self-defence measures are taken by the spitfires and hairy caterpill...
23: ...thing that eats one of them. These toxic species, such as the [[Cinnabar moth]] (''Tyria jacobaeae'') ...
25: ... of all these aggressive defense measures is to assure that any predator that eats (or tries to eat) o... - Insect (14296 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_subphylum_entry | taxon = [[Hexapoda]]}}
9: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Orders}}
10: '''Subclass''' [[Apterygota]]
12: '''Subclass''' [[Archaeognatha]] (jumping bristletails)...
13: '''Subclass''' [[Dicondylia]] - Leather (7695 bytes)
9: ...y the flesh of a dead animal can be formed into a supple, strong material commonly called leather.
11: ... soak and then dry it will shrink and become less supple and harder. In hot water, it will shrink dras...
12: ...sulfate]] and other salts of chromium. It is more supple and stretchier than vegetable-tanned leather,...
13: ...his process, but the resulting material is not as supple as vegetable-tanned leather.
14: ... forms of leather, and is primarily found in uses such as [[drum]] heads where it does not need to fle... - Biology (23579 bytes)
25: ...iology is unlike [[physics]] in that it does not usually describe biological systems in terms of objec...
39: ...ife, as biologists currently understand them, are summarized on this [[evolutionary timeline]].
42: ... some early-branching groups very differently, presumably owing to rapid rRNA evolution. The exact re...
44: ...hylogenetic tree]]s) of the different organisms. Such classifications are the province of the discipl...
71: ...ve more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [[Tissue]]s and [[organ (biology)|organ]]s can also maint... - Cell (29541 bytes)
2: ...ns have an estimated 100,000 billion = 10<sup>14</sup> cells).
16: ...[[protein]]s, the functional workhorses of cells, such as [[enzyme]]s. A typical [[mammal|mammalian]]...
17: ...rnal and internal [[signal transduction|stimuli]] such as changes in temperature, [[pH]] or nutrient l...
21: ...'), the cell wall (''intermediate blue''), the capsule (''orange''), ribosomes (''dark blue''), and a ...
23: ... cells are specialized. 220 types of cells and tissues make up the multicellular [[human]] body. - Fungus (12992 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightblue | plural_taxon = Div...
18: ...rasitic fungi infect [[plant]]s, causing diseases such as [[butt rot]] and making trees more vulnerabl...
20: ==Human consumption==
21: ...s. Many fungi are used in the production of foods such as breads, alcohol, and certain cheeses.
26: ...mycelium]]''''', through which food is absorbed. Usually the most conspicuous part of any fungus are i... - Virus (17572 bytes)
1: ...]], either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] (depicted as blue), surrounded by a protein coat, or [[capsid]], with or...
3: ...mount of nucleic acid (either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]) surrounded by some form of protective coat consistin...
7: ...aphor for other parasitically-reproducing things, such as [[meme]]s or [[computer virus]]es. The word ...
9: ...utable dictionary gives any other form, including such "reconstructed" Latin plural forms as ''viri'' ...
23: ...n [[gene therapy]], so their application to human subjects is still nascent. - Vitamin (5982 bytes)
1: ... does not encompass other [[essential nutrient]]s such as [[dietary minerals]], [[essential fatty acid...
3: ... ''Vita'' in Latin is ''life'' and the ''-amin'' suffix is short for ''[[amine]]''; at the time it wa...
7: ...ciency. In [[1747]], the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[surgeon]] [[James Lind]] discovered that citrus food...
27: |[[Vitamin B|Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>]]
32: |[[Vitamin B|Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>]] - Guinea pig (19730 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Caviinae]]}}
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}...
27: ...[[Peruvian Cuisine|culinary delicacy]], prepared usually by roasting; the general opinion considers th...
31: ...elieved to be because they come from overseas and supposedly taste a bit like pork), the [[Russian lan...
35: ...ern decimal currency). However, evidence does not support this conjecture: for example, the [[Netherla... - Copper (13595 bytes)
26: | 8920 [[kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]], 3.0
46: ...on|Ar]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>
48: | [[electron|e<sup>-</sup>]] 's per [[energy level]]
69: ...]]10<sup>-6</sup> [[cubic metre per mole|m<sup>3</sup>/mol]]
77: | [[Vapor pressure]] - Iron (23778 bytes)
25: <td>7874 [[kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]], 4.0</td></tr>
40: ...gon|Ar]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>3d<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
42: <td>[[electron|e<sup>-</sup>]] 's per [[energy level]]</td><td>2, 8, 14, 2</...
55: ...]]10<sup>-6</sup> [[cubic metre per mole|m<sup>3</sup>/mol]]</td></tr>
61: <td>[[Vapor pressure]] </td><td>7.05 [... - Nitrogen (10073 bytes)
6: ...econfig | 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>3</sup> }}
12: {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (N<sub>2</sub>) 0.720 }}
13: {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (N<sub>2</sub>) 5.57 }}
14: {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (N<sub>2</sub>)<br />29.124 }}
15: {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 37 | 41 | 46 | 53 | 62 | 77 | comment= ... - Potassium (12496 bytes)
21: ...td><td>856 [[kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]], 0.4</td></tr>
35: ...[</nowiki>[[argon|Ar]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>4s<sup>1</sup></td></tr>
37: <td>[[electron|e<sup>-</sup>]] 's per [[energy level]]</td><td>2, 8, 8, 1</t...
50: ...]]10<sup>-6</sup> [[cubic metre per mole|m<sup>3</sup>/mol]]</td></tr>
56: ... </td><td>1.06×10<sup>-4</sup>[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] at __ K</td></tr> - Sulfur (18059 bytes)
1: {{Elementbox_header | number=16 | symbol=S | name=sulfur | left=[[phosphorus]] | right=[[chlorine]] | ...
4: ...Elementbox_appearance | lemon yellow<br />[[Image:sulfur.jpg|125px|]] }}
6: ... | [[[neon|Ne]]] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>4</sup> }}
19: {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 375 | 408 | 449 | 508 | 591 | 717 | com...
31: ...st_ohmmat20 | (amorphous)<br />2×10<sup>15</sup> }} - Biochemistry (3247 bytes)
3: ...nction of [[cell (biology)|cellular components]], such as [[protein]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s,...
8: ...abolic pathway]]s of the [[cell (biology)|cell]], such as [[glycolysis]] and the [[citric acid cycle|K...
12: ==Subdisciplines==
13: ...s principally concerned with the [[chemistry]] of substances that can be classified into a few major c... - Technetium (32113 bytes)
26: | 11500 [[kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]], NA
46: ...]</nowiki> 4d<sup>5</sup> 5[[s-orbital|s]]<sup>2</sup>
48: | [[electron|e<sup>-</sup>]] 's per [[energy level]]
69: | 8.63 [[cubic metre per mole|cm³/mol]]
77: | [[Vapor pressure]] - Analytical chemistry (4933 bytes)
12: ...f techniques available to separate, detect and measure chemical compounds.
14: ... first step when dealing with certain mixtures of substances, like extracts from organisms.
15: ...ubstances with devices using [[spectroscopy]]. Measuring the absorption of light by a solution or gas,...
16: ...chromatography]], and the second a detection / measuring device.
17: ...ements making up the sample, which can then be measured in concentration by the degree to which they a... - Genetics (12654 bytes)
27: ...hes ''On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance'' - the [[moder...
44: ... sequenced by [[Francis Collins]] and [[Lap-Chee Tsui]], it encodes the [[CFTR]] protein, defects in t...
49: :[[2003]] ([[14 April]]) Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 9...
55: ...r discoveries, but many remain intact and in use, such as [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws]]. Pat...
60: ...ifferentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as [[ecological genetics]] and [[population gen... - Chicken (21473 bytes)
18: ... is a type of [[domesticated]] [[bird]] which is usually raised as a type of [[poultry]]. It is believ...
27: ...hickenguide/guide.php?cat_selected=Chicken%20Care&sub_selected=wing%20clipping more on wing clipping])
32: ...urage hens to lay in a particular location. The result of this behaviour is that a flock will use only...
34: ...f the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other.
44: ...rt-way through the incubation cycle. Some breeds, such as the [[Cochin (chicken)|Cochin]] regularly go... - Hedgehog (8006 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = '''Erinaceinae'''}}
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Genera}}
21: ...elated to [[gymnure]]s, also to other insectivora such as [[mole (animal)|mole]]s, [[shrew]]s, [[tenre...
23: ...effective defense against most predators. As a result, hedgehogs have few natural predators, primaril...
43: ...ties, and you do need a license to breed them. No such restrictions exist in Europe. If you are in th... - Gila monster (2189 bytes)
10: {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''suspectum'''''}}
12: ...nomial | color = pink | binomial_name = Heloderma suspectum | author = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]] | ...
15: The '''Gila monster''' (''Heloderma suspectum'') is one of the two known species of [[ve... - Grasshopper (7846 bytes)
8: {{taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = '''Caelifera'''}}
12: '''Caelifera''' is a suborder of [[herbivorous]] [[insect]]s of the order...
14: This suborder includes many families of grasshoppers. Gra...
16: ...e winter, and hatches when the weather has warmed sufficiently. The first nymph to hatch tunnels up th...
18: ...less, antennae are relatively short, tympana are usually present on the sides fo the first abdomenal s... - Siberian Husky (8100 bytes)
50: ...that comes in a variety of colours and patterns, usually with white feet and legs, facial markings, an...
59: ...onsisting of straight [[guard hair]]s. Siberians usually shed their undercoat once or twice a year, pr...
63: ... savage sheep. They should be kept in secure enclosures as they will not always come to call and will ...
66: ...lly from eleven to fifteen years of age. Health issues in the breed are eye troubles ([[cataract]]s, [...
69: ...tner=USERLAND] Dogs from the [[Anadyr River]] and surrounding regions were imported into [[Alaska]] fr... - Dog (69384 bytes)
13: {{Taxobox_subspecies_entry | taxon = '''''C. l. familiaris''''...
17: ...hihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]]) to nearly three feet (such as the [[Irish Wolfhound]]), and colors range f...
19: ...al jobs such as [[sheepdog|herding]] and new jobs such as [[Detection dog|detecting contraband]] and [...
22: ...rs in an effort to protect livestock. Bodies are usually tied to fences as warning to other dogs]]
23: ...eat consumption) help prevent damage to muscle tissue. - Seppala Siberian Sleddog (6982 bytes)
31: ...me oriented more and more toward [[dog show]]s. A succession of Seppala breeders kept the strain alive...
33: ... McFaul in Maniwaki, [[Quebec]], closed without a successor kennel and by 1969 the unique [[Leonhard S...
45: ...he breed are those common to all northern breeds, such as [[allergies]], [[cancer]] and eye problems. ... - Inorganic chemistry (2930 bytes)
1: ...nd there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of [[organometallic chemistry]].
8: * [[Mineral|Minerals]], such as [[salt]], [[asbestos]], [[silicate|silicates...
13: Commercially important inorganic substances include [[Semiconductor|silicon chips]], ...
17: ...gh many "[[organometallic compound]]s" contain no such bonds. Among the simplest organometallic compou... - Flagellum (8951 bytes)
4: ...at rotate like screws. [[Archaea]]l flagella are superficially similar, but are different in many det...
10: ... to 17,000 [[rpm]], but with a filament attached usually only reaches 200 to 1000 rpm.
12: ...ght that bacterial flagella may have evolved from such pores.
14: ...agella located at the same spot on the bacteria's surface which act in concert to drive the bacteria i...
16: ...es the entire bacterium to corkscrew through its usually [[viscous]] medium. - Cell cycle (2937 bytes)
1: ... It consists of [[interphase]], [[mitosis]], and usually [[cell division]].
9: *The [[G0 phase|G<sub>0</sub> phase]] is a period in the [[cell cycle]] where...
10: *The [[G1 phase|G<sub>1</sub> phase]] is the first growth phase.
12: *[[G2 phase|'''G<sub>2</sub> phase''']] is the second growth phase, also the...
15: A surveillance system, so-called "checkpoints", monito... - Mitosis (8111 bytes)
3: ...n [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] cells. This process assures that each daughter nucleus receives a complete...
17: ...ed chromosomes again. The goal of mitosis is to assure that one copy of each sister chromatid — ...
28: When the spindle grows to sufficient length, the microtubules begin searching ...
43: At the end of anaphase, the cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the gene...
53: ...s of the cell are copied) and [[G2 phase|G<sub>2</sub>]] (growth 2 in which the cell grows in preparat... - Leech (8356 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_subclassis_entry | taxon = '''Hirudinea'''}}
10: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Orders}}
13: ...ther Hirudinea should be a class<br> itself, or a subclass of the Clitellata.
16: The '''leeches''' are [[annelid]]s comprising the subclass '''Hirudinea'''. There are freshwater, terr...
18: ... for feeding. They use a combination of mucus and suction (caused by concentric muscles in those six s... - Urinary system (5149 bytes)
8: ...s. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus, and the resultant "prourine" passes through the tubular system...
10: ...ere directly or indirectly with urine production, such as [[diuretic]]s.
15: ...0 mm) long. [[Smooth muscles|Smooth muscular]] tissue in the walls of the ureters [[Peristalsis|perist...
22: ...or muscle]]) that, when contracted, increases pressure on the bladder and creates urinary flow.
33: ...ause long-term kidney damage. [[Proteinuria]] is usually without symptoms but may indicate renal disea... - Tooth enamel (32458 bytes)
2: ...to grayish white. It varies in thickness over the surface of the tooth. Often, the [[cusp]] is the loc...
4: ...tle, compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support {{ref|biology_dentin}}.
6: ...s aid in the development of enamel as a framework support and other mechanisms {{ref|cate_framework}}.
9: {{ref|biology_enamelrod}}. Measuring 4 μm wide to 8 μm high, an enamel r...
13: ...ed by underlying dentin is prone to fracture and usually is avoided {{ref|cate_fracture}}. - Octopus (12952 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_subclassis_entry | taxon = [[Coleoidea]]}}
8: {{Taxobox_superordo_entry | taxon = [[Octopodiformes]]}}
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Family...
12: 14 in two suborders, see [[Octopus#Classification|text]].
17: ...h. The octopuses in the less familiar [[Cirrina]] suborder have two fins and an internal shell, making... - Testosterone (11221 bytes)
11: ...or="#dfefff"|C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
36: ...="#efefef"|[[Specific rotation]] [α]<sub>D</sub>
40: combustion]] Δ<sub>c</sub>H?<sub>solid</sub>
49: ...ver]], [[adipose]] cells, and other peripheral tissues.
51: ...t hormones, testosterone is supplied to target tissues in the blood where much of it is transported bo... - Cat (30067 bytes)
12: {{Taxobox_subspecies_entry | taxon = '''''F. s. catus''''' or ...
18: ...group of cats is called a clowder. A male cat is usually called a [[tomcat|tom cat]]; a female cat is ...
25: ...breeds are very rare. ([[Scottish Fold]]s are one such exceptional genetic mutation.) When angry or f...
27: ...row older. Daily durations of sleep are various, usually 12-16 hours, with 13-14 a possible average. ...
40: ...as bites, but serious damage is rarely done, and usually the loser runs away with little more than a f... - Lizard (4740 bytes)
10: {{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = '''Sauria'''}}
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Family...
16: ... share with the [[snake]]s (Ophidians). They are usually four-legged, with external ear openings and m...
20: ...t familiar example is the [[chameleon]], but more subtle color changes occur in other lizard species a...
22: ...ts. A few species are omniverous or herbiverous, such as the iguana. Iguanas are unable to properly ... - Pea (6070 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Faboideae]]}}
11: {{Taxobox genus entry | taxon = ''[[Pisum]]''}}
14: ...al_botany | color =lightgreen | binomial_name = Pisum sativum|author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]}}
17: ...led peas; this article deals with the species ''Pisum sativum'' and its [[cultivar]]s. The pea plant i...
22: ...13 °C to 18 °C. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical... - Lentil (2645 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Faboideae]]}}
19: ... Stripped of their outer skin, split lentils are usually bright orange, green or brown in color. The t... - Soybean (9506 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Faboideae]]}}
31: ... [[cream cheese]] are readily available in most [[supermarket]]s. These products have the same texture...
38: ...s either fed to animals or exported, though US consumption of soy by people has been increasing. Alth...
40: ...tein isolates for use as food additives or health supplements. The remaining soybean husks are used m...
42: ... in price with respect to established commodities such as meat and milk. - Beet (4348 bytes)
18: * '''[[sugar beet]]''' grown for [[sugar]]
29: ...eetness|sweet]]est of vegetables, containing more sugar even than [[carrot]]s or [[sweet corn]]. The ...
40: [[Image:BeetrootTuna.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Sundried tomato tuna with baby beets.]]
46: ...eeds of beetroot that are not the usual deep red, such as Burpee's Golden' with an orange red skin and...
48: ...eated and when they come into contact with air or sunlight. This is why you will inevitably get a purp... - Cauliflower (4340 bytes)
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightgreen| plural_taxon = [[C...
16: ...a part known as the ''white curd''. This stalk is surrounded at the base by thick, green leaves.
22: ... in India had high concentrations of heavy metals such as [[lead]], [[cadmium]] and zinc, far exceedin...
28: ...arvest the plant once it has reached what they presume to be its full size and ripeness, but they are ...
35: ...est about growth requirements, and the ability to successfully grow cauliflower in a home garden is of... - Collard greens (5350 bytes)
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightgreen| plural_taxon = [[C...
22: ...fact that this kind of cabbage does not have the usual close-knit core of leaves ("head") of regular c...
37: Only firm, dark green leaves are fit for consumption; any wilted or yellowish leaves must be dis...
39: ...estion|digestible]] when raw. They are usually consumed cooked, as meal fillers and as a source of [[d...
42: ... with [[black-eyed pea]]s and [[hog jowls]]) to insure wealth in the coming year, as the leaves resemb... - Maize (12434 bytes)
18: ...a high-end height of 2.5 m (9 ft). Sweet corn is usually shorter than field corn varieties.
22: ...and all; as the plant matures (usually during the summer months) the cob toughens and the silk dries t...
24: ...s, and adhere in regular rows round a white pithy substance, which forms the ear. An ear contains from...
32: ...sdorf suggested that domesticated maize was the result of a hybridization event between an unknown wil...
41: ...nd much less productive in good years) would have survived and produced a small crop in these conditio... - Nettle (5285 bytes)
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = Sp...
15: ...ica''. Some of these taxa are still recognised as subspecies.
35: There are many unrelated organisms called nettle, such as:
39: ...nidoscolus|Spurge-nettle]] (''Cnidolscolus stimulosus'') in the [[Euphorbiaceae]]. - Onion (8367 bytes)
15: ....]], also called the '''garden onion'''. Onions (usually but not exclusively the [[bulb]]s) are edible...
17: ... produced by sowing seed very thickly one year, resulting in stunted plants which produce very small b...
19: ...me for the '''[[Welsh onion]]''', ''Allium fistulosum'' which never produces dry bulbs.
26: ...mids were fed radishes and onions.[http://www.selfsufficientish.com/onion.htm]
29: ...garnish; they are rarely eaten on their own, but usually act as accompaniment to the main course. - Potato (22889 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_subclassis_entry | taxon = [[Asteridae]] }}
11: {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''S. tuberosum''''' }}
13: ...olor = lightgreen | binomial_name = Solanum tuberosum| author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }}
16: The '''potato''' (''Solanum tuberosum'') is a perennial [[plant]] of the [[Solanaceae]...
21: ... name, but popular alternatives exist in English, such as ''spuds'', ''murphies'', ''taters'', or ''ta... - Feral Cats (8203 bytes)
1: ...mb|right|Most feral kittens have little chance of surviving more than a few months and are vulnerable ...
3: ...se ancestors were never domesticated. Feral cats usually cannot be re-socialized. Feral kittens, howev...
5: ...feral cat that survives beyond [[kitten]]hood is usually less than two years while a [[domestication|d...
8: ...y have no [[defense]] against or understanding of such [[predator]]s as [[dog]]s, [[coyote]]s and even...
12: ...ny countries around the world have had tremendous success with humane methods to control feral cat pop... - Gila Monsters (2368 bytes)
10: {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''suspectum'''''}}
12: ...nomial | color = pink | binomial_name = Heloderma suspectum | author = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]] | ...
15: The '''Gila monster''' (''Heloderma suspectum'') is one of the two known species of [[ve...
25: == Subspecies ==
26: There exist two subspecies. - Grasshoppers and Crickets (8917 bytes)
8: {{taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = '''Caelifera'''}}
10: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Families...
11: '''Superfamily''': [[Proscopioidea]]<br>
13: '''Superfamily''': [[Eumastacoidea]]
16: '''Superfamily''': [[Xyronotoidea]] - Guinea Pigs (18488 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Caviinae]]}}
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}...
27: ...[[Peruvian Cuisine|culinary delicacy]], prepared usually by roasting; the general opinion considers th...
31: ...elieved to be because they come from overseas and supposedly taste a bit like pork), the [[Russian lan...
35: ...ern decimal currency). However, evidence does not support this conjecture: for example, the [[Netherla... - Hippopotamuses (6272 bytes)
17: ...10 minutes. They feed on land mostly at night, consuming as much as 50 kg (110 lb) of vegetation a day...
19: ...rs old. Hippos are still found in the rivers of [[Sudan]], northern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo...
21: ...mage:Lightmatter hippo.jpg|left|thumbnail|250px|A submerged Hippopotamus]] - Koalas (10448 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_subclassis_entry | taxon = [[Marsupialia]]}}
10: {{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = [[Vombatiformes]]}}
18: ...t'''u'''s cinereus'') is a thickset arboreal [[marsupial]] [[herbivore]] endemic to [[Australia]], and...
22: ...nterland]] as there is enough rainfall to support suitable forest. The koalas of [[South Australia]] w...
26: ...ces between individual Koalas in any given region such as hair color. - Mosquitoes (10897 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = [[Eudiptera]]}}
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Genera}}
15: ...5 [[milligram|mg]] (0.03 to 0.04 [[Grain (measure)|grain]]). They can fly at about 1.5 to 2.5&nb...
21: ...ere mosquitoes breed), and the use of repellants, such as [[citronella]] candles.
25: ... females, with mouth parts not suitable for blood sucking. There is one genus of mosquitoes, ''[[Toxo... - Puffer (5495 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_subphylum_entry | taxon = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]}...
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Genera...
18: ''[[Colomesus]]''<br>
19: ''[[Contusus]]''<br>
23: ''[[Gastrophysus]]''<br> - Shrimp and Prawns (5254 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_subphylum_entry | taxon = [[Crustacea]]}}
9: {{Taxobox_subordo_entry | taxon = [[Pleocyemata]]}}
13: ...ion | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Superfamily|Superfamilies]] and [[Family (biology)|families]]}}
69: .... Examples are the [[mantis shrimp]] and the opposum or [[mysid shrimp]], both of which belong to the...
71: Shrimp are distinguished from the superficially similar [[prawns]] by the structure of... - Turtles, Tortoises, and Terrapins (8143 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Families...
13: ...d from their [[rib]]s. The term '''turtle''' is usually used for the aquatic species, though aquatic ...
19: ...ions of [[Earth]]. Pond turtles (terrapins) are usually much smaller, while some land terrapins (tort...
23: ...ns a different [[protein]] than do [[bird]] eggs, such that it will not coagulate when cooked. Turtle...
25: ...llae", have a rich blood supply, and increase the surface area of the cloaca. The turtles can take up... - History of chemistry (8174 bytes)
8: ...(accidental) synthesis of [[urea]] from inorganic substances in [[1828]]. Never before had an organic ...
12: ...[[Wilhelm Ostwald]] and [[Ernst Mach]]. Although such proponents of the atomic theory as [[Amedeo Avo...
14: ...st Rutherford]], who established the study of the substructure of the atom as a branch of [[physics]],...
23: ... production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which not only provided energy, b...
27: ...produce a fusion in [[theory]] between atomic and subatomic physics on the one hand, and chemistry on ... - Echidna (6296 bytes)
11: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Specie...
12: [[Genus]] ''Tachyglossus'' <br/>
14: Genus ''[[Zaglossus]]'' <br/>
17: ''[[Zaglossus hacketti|Z. hacketti]]'' (''extinct'')<br/>
18: ''[[Zaglossus robustus|Z. robustus]]'' (''extinct'')<br/> - Protein (17280 bytes)
3: ...her proteins play structural or mechanical roles, such as those that form the struts and joints of the...
14: ...]—or segments of chain that [[Random coil|assume no stable shape]]. Secondary structures are loc...
16: ...called ''[[protein subunit|subunit proteins]]'' ''subunits'' in this context, which function as part o...
18: ...nts, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually referred to as "[[Chemical conformation|confo...
20: ... ionic interactions, and [[disulfide bond]]s are usually involved too. - Amniotic sac (3222 bytes)
4: ...dwife]] or [[obstetrics|obstetrician]]. This is usually performed using an amnihook and is intended t...
7: Amniotic fluid is the watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within th...
21: ... placenta, usually also share the placental blood supply. In rare cases, blood passes disproportionate... - Blood (11213 bytes)
4: ...(physiology)|circulating]] [[biological tissue|tissue]] composed of fluid [[blood plasma|plasma]] and ...
6: ...position or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction.
14: ... tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products.
46: ... capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolve...
58: [[Blood pressure]] and [[blood test]]s are amongst the most comm... - Vegetarianism (28920 bytes)
4: ...er accepts the inclusion of animal-based products such as [[honey]], [[milk]] and other [[dairy produc...
6: ...lar in [[Western world|Western]] countries as a result of [[ethics|ethical]], health, [[environmentali...
12: ...ally avoid usage of all kinds of animal products (such as leather and some cosmetics), rather than jus...
14: ... do not eat meat, but may consume animal products such as eggs and milk. They do not, however, eat che...
16: ...''Lacto'' vegetarians do not eat meat, but may consume milk and its derivatives, like cheese, butter, ... - Rice (13724 bytes)
11: {{Taxobox section subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = Sp...
19: {{Taxobox section subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = Re...
23: ...orld's human population. Rice cultivation is well suited to countries with low [[labor]] costs and hig...
27: ...ically 15 [[cm]] depth) carefully controlled to ensure the appropriate water depth. Rice paddies somet...
31: Rice paddies are an important habitat for birds such as [[heron]]s and [[Old World warbler|warblers]... - Wheat (11378 bytes)
30: ...omestication]]). While this plant could not have succeeded in the wild, it produced more food for hum...
34: ==Production and consumption statistics==
45: 1997 global per capita wheat consumption was 101 kg, led by [[Denmark]] at 623 kg.
55: ... be preserved from disease or insect attacks to ensure a good yield.
57: .... Each scale is a standard system which describes successive stages reached by the crop during the agr... - Barley (4939 bytes)
15: ...ltivated [[cereal]] crop in the world (530,000 km² or 132 million acres). Its [[germination]] tim...
26: ...wn in Britain upon lands that had been previously summer-fallowed, or were in high condition.
32: ...ley is best suited for pure malts. Four-row is unsuitable for brewing.
41: <tr><td>'''Russia''' </td><td>72,000 km²</td></tr>
42: <tr><td>'''Canada''' </td><td>45,000 km²</td></tr> - Milk (13238 bytes)
3: ...ds. It is also processed into [[dairy product]]s such as [[cream]], [[butter]], [[yoghurt]], [[ice-cr...
7: *a non-animal substitute such as [[soya milk]], [[rice milk]], and [[almond m...
13: ...lk is thin and high in [[lactose]], its primary [[sugar]].
14: *Cow's milk, in contrast, is lower in sugar and higher in [[protein]], and is composed of ...
18: ... which any person who tastes both will recognize. Such factors as the lactose content, the proportion ... - Water (15217 bytes)
1: ...l and physical properties of pure water (H<sub>2</sub>O) (dihydrogen oxide).''
3: ... a [[color]]less, [[taste]]less, and [[odor]]less substance that is essential to all known forms of [[...
5: Water is an abundant substance on [[Earth]]. It exists in many places and...
7: [[Humans]] consume "[[drinking water]]", water with qualities comp...
9: ==A surprising substance== - Cell wall (6206 bytes)
1: ...ing [[enzyme]]s, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a [[protoplast...
5: ... The term [[turgor]] is used to describe this pressure that is induced by excess water inside the plan...
13: ...emicelluloses'', they give the plant strength and support.
17: Secondary cell walls may contain [[lignin]] and [[suberin]], making the walls rigid.
27: *Sulfonated polysaccharides occur in the cell walls o... - Compost (10069 bytes)
5: ...turally in all but the most hostile environments, such as buried in [[landfill]]s or in extremely arid...
18: ...ow bug]]s, [[springtail]]s, and others work on consuming and breaking down the organic matter. [[Centi...
25: ...eded by the composting bacteria for conversion to sugars and heat.
30: * Dry, straw-type material, such as cereal straws
33: * Some paper and cardboard (such as corrugated cardboard or newsprint with soy-b... - Livestock (24677 bytes)
7: ...f [[trade]] and given as [[gift]]s <sup>[[#1|1]]</sup>. In many cultures, livestock have historically ...
9: ...produces something that is demanded by consumers. Such products can include pizzles (animal penises) a...
11: ...of the ownership of animals and the making the consumption of meat, dairy and other animal products il...
15: ...g of human civilisation. Some forms of livestock, such as [[goat]]s and [[sheep]], can be raised in ar...
17: ...Animals could graze on pasture unfit for human consumption. - Life (11665 bytes)
17: #[[Metabolism|Metabolism]], consuming, transforming and storing [[energy]]/[[mass]]...
20: ...muli]] - the ability to measure properties of its surrounding [[environment]], and act upon certain co...
24: ...neates the spatial extension of the living being, such as a [[cell membrane]], although this would the...
31: ...Living organisms contain [[molecular]] components such as: [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, [[nucleic ac...
42: ... of inferior negative feedbacks subordinated to a superior positive [[feedback]]" ([http://www.mol.uj.... - Arrowroot (2476 bytes)
5: {{Taxobox_subregnum_entry | taxon = [[Tracheobionta]]
8: {{Taxobox_subclassis_entry | taxon = [[Zingiberidae]]}}
19: ...t was to support their colonies. The rootstock is successively grated, washed, and sieved, until only ...
21: ...for which the plant is a staple. It has also been suggested that the name comes from arrowroot's use i... - Moon Jelly (10363 bytes)
17: ...equenting the [[North America]]n coast, they are usually found all around the coasts of the [[British ...
29: ...iving them a higher chance of living in case of a sudden change in the water oxygen.
32: ...s feed on [[zooplankton]] that includes organisms such as "[[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s, tunicate [[l...
37: consume [[carbohydrate]]s, [[protein]]s, and [[lipid]]s...
81: ...on of oxygen through cell (Rees, 1966). The large surface area membrane to volume ratio helps ''A. aur... - Floater (3720 bytes)
5: Floaters are suspended in the thick fluid of the eye. Thus, they ...
7: ...ll, in whichever way the eyeball is oriented; the supine position tends to concentrate them near fovea...
9: ...ur]]. It is not, however, only elderly people who suffer from floaters; they can certainly become a pr...
11: If flashes do occur, however, or sudden "clouds" of minute spots move across the fiel...
15: ...d also that floaters may become less annoying as sufferers grow accustomed to them, to the extent eve...
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