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  1. History of philosophy (13862 bytes)
    12: ...ts]] and [[Atomists]] (the world is composite of innumerable interacting parts), the [[Eleatic School|...
    14: ..., and thereby grow wealthy and respected. Since winning debates led to wealth, the subjects and method...
    20: ...s the reason for them being more appropriate in running society.
    37: ...sms of two subjects, permitting them to validly connect a subject and object. A few geniuses developed...
    44: ...such as the work of [[René Descartes]], [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Thomas Hobbes]], attempting to integrate ...
  2. China (38909 bytes)
    1: ...hina]], stretching over 6,700 km, was erected beginning in the [[3rd century BC]] to protect the north...
    16: ...ver, and carries certain cultural and political connotations. During the [[Spring and Autumn Period]],...
    18: ...nbei]] and [[Xiongnu]]. As the PRC now governs [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Tibet]], and th...
    25: ...esent political legitimacy. It was used in this manner from the tenth century onwards by the competing...
    30: ... short-lived and was often regarded as overly tyrannical it unified the written language in China and ...
  3. Sofia Kovalevskaya (3306 bytes)
    9: ...ttention, but he was focused on the older sister Anna and he very probably proposed to her.
    15: ...matical study, calling her "a new [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]]" in the process.
    22: *Ann Hibner Koblitz: <cite>A Convergence of Lives: Sof...
  4. Mother Teresa (22682 bytes)
    22: ...at have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone."
    33: ...rize. Other awards bestowed upon her included a Kennedy Prize ([[1971]]), the [[Albert Schweitzer]] In...
    70: ...d [[Tariq Ali]], produced a critical British [[Channel 4]] documentary, ''Hell's Angel'', based on Cha...
    75: ...some criticism. Many advocates of the [[family planning]] and [[pro-choice]] movements were critical o...
    79: ...holic Church]], which asserts [[natural family planning]] is the only acceptable form of [[birth contr...
  5. Grace Kelly (6610 bytes)
    3: ...f [[Monaco]]''', was an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[United States|American]] film [[actor|actres...
    5: ...er was a self-made millionaire and a gold-medal-winning [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[Sport rowing|scull...
    9: ...t Supporting Actress]], but the award went to [[Donna Reed]] for her role in ''[[From Here to Eternity...
    13: ...rred in the role of a princess, alongside Alec Guinness and Louis Jourdan.]]
    19:
  6. Actinium (7046 bytes)
    67: | [[Vapor pressure]] || unknown [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1323 K
  7. Earth (30908 bytes)
    17: ...s much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. The liquid outer core gives rise to a wea...
    64: *5100 to 6378 km - Inner Core
    70: ...ss described by the [[dynamo theory]]. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic fi...
    72: Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than t...
    80: ...ges between 10<sup>21</sup> and 10<sup>24</sup> [[pascal second|Pa?s]], depending on depth [http://www2.un...
  8. Switzerland (22270 bytes)
    18: ...nfederation (Switzerland)|VP 2005]])</small><br>[[Pascal Couchepin]]<br>[[Joseph Deiss]]<br>[[Samuel Schmi...
    55: The [[Congress of Vienna]] in [[1815]] fully re-established Swiss indepen...
    63: ...], and although a German intervention was both planned and anticipated, it ultimately didn't occur. Th...
    99: *[[Appenzell Innerrhoden]] (Inner Rhodes) *
    129: The population varies between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z?, area between 37 km? (...
  9. Timeline of invention (28171 bytes)
    17: ===[[9th millennium BC]]===
    21: ===[[8th millennium BC]]===
    24: ===[[7th millennium BC]]===
    29: ===[[6th millennium BC]]===
    33: ===[[4th millennium BC]]===
  10. Aenesidemus (3613 bytes)
    16: ...s effect and effect cause. If not, since effect cannot precede cause, cause must precede effect, and t...
    20: ...osophy'', [[ɭile Saisset]], ''&AElig;nesideme'', Pascal, Kant; Ritter and Preller, ?? 364-370.
  11. History of science (41710 bytes)
    29: ...lected astronomical information in a systematic manner through simple observation. Though they had no...
    52: ... upon. In addition, there was the [[Hajj]]. This annual [[pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]] facilitated schola...
    54: ... [[algebra]] is derived from ''al-jabr'', the beginning of the title of one of his publications. [[Tur...
    65: ...iaan Huygens]], [[Johannes Kepler]], and [[Blaise Pascal]]. In philosophy, major contributions were made b...
    74: ...st known model of planetary motion given by [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] in the early [[17th century]], ...
  12. Meteorology (19082 bytes)
    12: ... pressure]] on height was first shown by [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Ren頄escartes]], this idea was also rese...
    26: ...t successful [[weather satellite]] marked the beginning of the age where weather information is availa...
    36: ...irically derived expressions for processes that cannot be resolved on the model grid. For example, in ...
    40: ...ut grid computing might automate the process of running a model where the right amount of computing re...
    42: ...used to study clouds that are so thin that they cannot be seen by the naked eye such as certain types ...
  13. Anemometer (11426 bytes)
    1: ... 20 foot (6 m) lengths. The wire (4 conductors running inside a shield) runs along the rightmost leg ...
    5: ...] of the wind, but inasmuch as there is a close connection between the pressure and the velocity, a su...
    13: ...n greatly exaggerated by the springiness of the connection, and not only is the plate itself driven to...
    15: ...at the plate being once driven back by the wind cannot return until released by hand; but the catch do...
    23: ...d. It might appear at first sight as though one connection would serve, but the differences in pressur...
  14. List of inventors (14020 bytes)
    12: *[[Manfred von Ardenne]], (1907-1997), [[Germany]]
    41: ...England &mdash; [[lawnmower]] and [[adjustable spanner]]
    66: *[[W.K. Dickson|William Kennedy Laurie Dickson]], motion picture camera
    105: *[[Johann Gutenberg]], (circa 1390s-1468), [[Germany]] &mda...
    130: ...z Klatte]] &mdash; invented vinyl chloride, forerunner to [[polyvinyl chloride]]
  15. Human (48024 bytes)
    14: ...me = Homo sapiens | author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] | date = [[1758]]}}
    24: ...cured in response to a need for long distance [[running]]. Humans are said to be one of a short list o...
    47: ...''woman''. For the etymology of '''man''' see [[mannaz]].
    52: ...ial]] [[population genetics]] (numbers are [[millennia]] before present).]]
    104: ...C1R. Human skin has a capacity to darken ([[sun tanning]]) in response to UV exposure. Variation in th...
  16. Mars (27704 bytes)
    11: ...the [[air pressure]] on the surface is only 750 [[pascal]]s, about 0.75 percent of the average on Earth. H...
    41: ...e prime meridian by the Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Schiaparelli]] when he began work on his notable...
    85: ...e manner or another before completing or even beginning their missions. Part of this high failure rate...
    93: ...ir targets; while a 90-day nominal mission was planned, as of February 2005, their missions have been ...
    122: ...terial activity. On [[August 6]], [[1996]] NASA announced that analysis of the [[ALH84001|ALH 84001]]...
  17. Jupiter (24639 bytes)
    111: | 70 [[Pascal|kPa]]
    183: ...first noticed by [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Giovanni Cassini]] ([[1690]]). The rotation of Jupiter's ...
    199: ...axis and offset from the center of Jupiter in a manner similar to the axis of the Earth's field. The '...
    223: ...eployment of its high-gain radio transmitting antenna.
    233: ...[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'', the spacecraft is planned to launch by [[2010]].
  18. Saturn (planet) (23300 bytes)
    114: | 140 [[Pascal|kPa]]
    161: In [[1675]] [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] determined that Saturn's ring...
    167: ...|Mimas]] maintains the Cassini division in this manner. Still more structure in the rings actually co...
    179: ...th, we cannot appreciate this because the Earth cannot view Saturn from an angle that displays the bac...
    184: ...bital mechanics]]. It is assumed that they are connected to [[electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] inte...
  19. Uranus (15207 bytes)
    122: | 120 [[Pascal|kPa]]
    168: ...1750]] and [[1753]]; [[Mayer]] in [[1756]]. [[Lemonnier]] observed it four times in [[1750]], twice in...
    172: ... it in the first [[ephemeris]], published in [[Vienna]]. Examination of earliest issues of ''Monthly N...
    206: ...tory]]. The discovery was serendipitous; they planned to use the [[occultation]] of a star by Uranus ...
  20. Neptune (planet) (18545 bytes)
    9: ...hn Couch Adams]]<br> [[Johann Gottfried Galle|Johann Galle]]
    119: | &#8811;<!--Much greater than-->100 [[Pascal|MPa]]
    152: ...because it was stationary in the sky and only beginning the planet's yearly retrograde cycle, its moti...
    158: ...rbain Le Verrier|Le Verrier]] had convinced [[Johann Gottfried Galle]] to search for the planet. Thoug...
    202: ...ng is at 53,000 km and the broader, fainter [[Johann Gottfried Galle|Galle]] Ring is at 42,000 km. A f...
  21. Pluto (planet) (26470 bytes)
    115: | 0.15-0.30 [[pascal]]s
    128: ...us, the name Pluto was officially adopted and an announcement made by Slipher on [[May 1]], [[1930]].
    146: ...phere was determined to have a pressure of 0.15 [[pascal]] (Pa). This thin atmosphere is most likely [[nit...
    167: Originally the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' probe was planned to visit Pluto, but due to budget cuts and lack...
    173: ...http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/people/faculty/tenn/asphistory/1994.html]
  22. Religion (72319 bytes)
    5: ...shers of men; Oil on panel by [[Adriaen van de Venne]] ([[1614]])]]
    10: ...ligament]]) in the sense of "bind" rather than "connect," hence interpreting "religion" as "returning ...
    67: ...Deists]] believe that there was a God at the beginning of the universe, but either that God has cease...
    264: ... to explaining religion. Foremost among them is [[Pascal Boyer]], whose book, ''[[Religion Explained]]'', ...
    266: ...er cognitive faculty without showing any actual connection between the two, and without providing any ...
  23. Pressure (9004 bytes)
    23: ..., the individual molecules of the gas, which we cannot see, are in constant random motion. Because we ...
    33: Also see [[Pascal's Law]].
    38: ...ns such as a [[Kiel probe]] or [[Cobra probe]], connected to a [[manometer]]. Depending on where the i...
    41: The [[SI]] unit for pressure is the [[pascal]] (Pa), equal to one [[newton]] per [[square metr...
    49: ...meter]]). Some [[meteorologist]]s prefer the hectopascal (hPa) for atmospheric air pressure, because it gi...
  24. Giordano Bruno (15356 bytes)
    7: ...ppo in [[Nola]], in [[Campania]], the son of Giovanni Bruno, a soldier. In [[1565]] he took the name ...
    17: ... as his "Italian dialogues." In [[1582]], Bruno penned a play summarizing some of his cosmological pos...
    43: ...rd century|third century A.D.]], or like [[Blaise Pascal]]'s nearly a century after Bruno, had its center ...
    45: ...o Galilei|Galileo]] ([[1564]]-[[1642]]) and [[Johannes Kepler]] ([[1571]]-[[1630]]) were younger, so t...
    57: ...st the planetary spheres. (Two years later, Rothmann did the same in [[1586]], as did [[Tycho Brahe]] ...
  25. Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
    4: ...n]], full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny (which they believed began during a historical p...
    16: ... ways, influenced by the ideas of [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Galileo Galil...
    33: The "long" Enlightenment is seen as beginning the [[Renaissance]] drive for [[humanism]] and...
    41: ...e mid-century, what was regarded by many as the pinnacle of purely Enlightenment thinking was being re...
    43: ...dible reports, viewed through the lens of reason annealed knowledge, empirical observation, and knowle...
  26. Blue Whale (22203 bytes)
    14: ...enoptera musculus | author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linneus]] | date = [[1758]]}}
    18: ...ot (unit of length)|feet]]) in length and 140 [[tonne]]s (150 [[short ton]]s) or more in weight.
    20: ... in most oceans around the world up until the beginning of the [[20th century]]. For the first 40 year...
    29: ...terpreted as "little mouse". [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], who named the species in his seminal work ...
    32: ... (each one metre long) hang from the upper jaw, running half a metre back into the mouth. Between 60 a...
  27. Apple Macintosh (24250 bytes)
    9: ...intosh has introduced or popularized a number of innovations adopted later by other PCs and operating ...
    11: Innovations introduced or popularized with the origin...
    23: Innovations introduced or popularized with later Maci...
    38: ... on [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] for peripheral connection (original iMac, 1998)
    40: ...ys as a standard feature on a desktop (Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, [[1997]])
  28. List of computing topics (15876 bytes)
    137: [[Binary symmetric channel]] --
    491: [[Pascal programming language]] --
    651: [[Von Neumann machine]] --
  29. Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
    29: ...es carried out by [[Wilhelm Schickard]], [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. He first discussed ...
    48: ...fety&mdash;I am almost worn out with disgust and annoyance at the whole affair." In [[1842]] the gover...
    62: ...replica was built in 1991 to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Babbage?s birth.[http://www.sciencemus...
  30. March 18 (10594 bytes)
    6: *[[37]] - The [[Roman Senate]] annuls [[Tiberius]]' will and proclaims [[Caligula]] ...
    19: ...]]. Despite the recent Polish successes, Soviets annex [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]]. Government of [[Uk...
    25: ...lf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] meet at [[Brenner Pass]] in the [[Alps]] and agree to form an all...
    29: ...1961]] - In [[Cannes]], [[France]], [[Jean-Claude Pascal]] wins the sixth [[Eurovision Song Contest]] for ...
    57: *[[1872]] - [[Anna Held]], actress amd singer, (d. [[1918]])
  31. List of mathematicians (37424 bytes)
    13: *[[Wilhelm Ackermann]] (Germany, [[1896]] - [[1962]])
    21: *[[al-Marrakushi ibn Al-Banna]] (Morocco, [[1256]] - [[1321]])
    32: *[[Kenneth Appel]] (? - ?)
    53: *[[Paul Bachmann]] (Germany, [[1837]] - [[1920]])
    74: *[[Johann Bernoulli]] (Switzerland, [[1667]] - [[1748]])
  32. List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
    13: *[[Johann Heinrich Abicht]], (1762-1816)
    48: *[[Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno]], (1433-1504){{fn|R}}
    78: *[[Anniceris]], (fl. 300 BC){{fn|C}}
    94: *[[Hannah Arendt]], (1906-1975){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
    105: *[[Kenneth Arrow]], (born 1921){{fn|O}}
  33. Politics of Switzerland (6055 bytes)
    6: ...]], [[Samuel Schmid]], [[Micheline Calmy-Rey]], [[Pascal Couchepin]], [[Christoph Blocher]], [[Hans-Rudolf...
    29: ...ch as defense, neutrality, and immigration. Quadrennial national elections typically produce only marg...
  34. Moon (37975 bytes)
    171: | 3 &times; 10<sup>-13</sup>[[Pascal|kPa]]
    197: ...ide, the "[[Far side (Moon)|far side]]", mostly cannot be seen from Earth, except for small portions n...
    297: ...tists term "incompatible elements": those which cannot fit into a [[crystal]] structure and thus were ...
    309: ... relatively undisturbed for many hundreds of millennia.
    313: ...main illuminated for the entire Lunar day. These unnamed "[[Peak of Eternal Light|mountains of eternal...
  35. Antimony (9093 bytes)
    68: | [[Vapor pressure]] || 2.49 E-9 [[Pascal|Pa]] @ 6304 K
    148: ... [[1450]], and was known to be a metal by the beginning of the [[17th century]]. The origin of the na...
  36. Arsenic (12497 bytes)
    67: | [[Vapor pressure]] || __ [[Pascal|Pa]] at __ K
    166: element in [[1250]]. In [[1649]] [[Johann Schroeder]] published two ways of preparing arsen...
  37. Barium (8466 bytes)
    69: | [[Vapor pressure]] || 98 [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] at 371 K
  38. Beryllium (15119 bytes)
    78: | 4180 [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]
  39. Bismuth (9188 bytes)
    80: | 0.000627 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 544 K
  40. Bromine (8073 bytes)
    77: | 5800 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 266.1K
  41. Cadmium (10755 bytes)
    78: | 14.8 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 597 K
  42. Caesium (11026 bytes)
    75: | 2.5 [[kilo|k]][[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]
    172: ...posits there are estimated to contain 300,000 [[tonne|metric ton]]s of pollucite at an average of 20% ...
    180: ...tably from the 1986 [[Chernobyl]] explosion. Beginning in [[1954]] with the commencement of [[nuclear...
  43. Calcium (9166 bytes)
    56: ...ure]] </td><td>254 [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] at 1112 K</td></tr>
  44. Cerium (12377 bytes)
    76: | n/a [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1071 K
  45. Chromium (13677 bytes)
    58: ...re]] </td><td>990 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2130 K</td></tr>
    126: * Chromium salts are used in the [[tanning]] of [[leather]].
    132: In 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann found an orange-red mineral in the [[Ural Mountai...
    134: ...eter Simon Pallas]] visited the same site as Lehmann and found a red "lead" mineral that had very usef...
    171: ...pounds were/are used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in...
  46. Cobalt (13481 bytes)
    55: ...re]] </td><td>175 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1768 K</td></tr>
    140: In 1938, [[John Livingood]] and [[Glenn Seaborg]] discovered cobalt-60.
  47. Copper (13595 bytes)
    78: | 0.0505 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1358 K
    212: * [[Sterling silver]], if it is to be used in dinnerware, must contain a few percent copper.
  48. Europium (8579 bytes)
    77: | 144 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1095 K
  49. Gadolinium (9860 bytes)
    77: | 24400 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1585 K
    177: ...ineral [[gadolinite]], is named after [[Finland|Finnish]] chemist and [[geologist]] [[Johan Gadolin]].
  50. Gallium (9500 bytes)
    81: | 9.31 &times;10<sup>-36</sup> [[Pascal|Pa]] at 302.9&nbsp;K
    138: Very pure gallium has a stunning silvery color and its solid metal fractures [[...
    156: ...ning impurities (such as Mn<sup>+2</sup>), is beginning to be used in [[ultraviolet]]-activated [[phos...
  51. Germanium (8776 bytes)
    79: | 0.0000746 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1210 K
  52. Gold (24329 bytes)
    80: | 237 [[Pascal|&micro;Pa]] at 1337 K
    170: ...cal connectors to ensure a good, low-resistance connection.
    177: ...ing biological material to be viewed under a [[scanning electron microscope]].
    178: ... [[Nobel Prize]], award a gold [[medal]] to the winner (with [[silver]] to the second-place finisher, ...
    186: ...cribe gold, whose king [[Tushratta]] of the [[Mitanni]] claimed was as "common as dust" in Egypt. Egyp...
  53. Hafnium (9162 bytes)
    76: | 1.12 [[Pascal|mPa]] at 2500 K
  54. Helium (36603 bytes)
    34: | [[Melting point]] (at 2.6 [[megapascal|MPa]])
    117: ...odulus]] on the order of 5&times;10<sup>7</sup> [[Pascal|Pa]] [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/...
    132: ... easily but through which non-superfluid helium cannot pass. If the interior of the container is heat...
    152: ...[rocket]]s (see below) and in supersonic [[wind tunnel]]s.
    168: ...ium to a similar amount of cooling as Kamerlingh Onnes but at 25 standard atmospheres of pressure.
  55. Hydrogen (20221 bytes)
    61: ...re]] </td><td>209 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 23 K</td></tr>
    138: ... [[Greek language|Greek]] ''hud?, "water" and ''gennen'', "generate") was first recognized as a distin...
    177: ...has higher energy (is an [[excited state]]), it cannot be stable in its pure form.
  56. Indium (8657 bytes)
    77: | 1.42 [[scientific notation|E]]-17 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 429 K
  57. Iodine (11416 bytes)
    78: | __ [[Pascal|Pa]] at __ K
    162: ...nstitute of France. On [[December 6]] Gay-Lussac announced that the new substance was either an elemen...
  58. Iridium (10102 bytes)
    79: | 1.47 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2716 K
    169: ...st [[corrosion]]-resistant metal known. Iridium cannot be attacked by any [[acid]]s or by [[aqua regia...
    182: ...ridium was discovered in [[1803]] by [[Smithson Tennant]] in London, England along with [[osmium]] in ...
  59. Iron (23778 bytes)
    61: ...e]] </td><td>7.05 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1808 K</td></tr>
    135: ...% in the outer crust; it is possible the Earth's inner core consists of a single iron [[crystal]] alth...
    144: ... metals, comprising 95 percent of all the metal tonnage produced worldwide. Its combination of low cos...
    169: ...an to form, as a demand developed for cast iron cannonballs.
    171: ...a fossil fuel, was used as an alternative. This innovation by [[Abraham_Darby|Abraham Darby]] supplie...
  60. Lanthanum (10184 bytes)
    56: ... </td><td>1.33E-07 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1193 K</td></tr>
  61. Lithium (11359 bytes)
    77: | 163 [[Pascal (unit)|&micro;Pa]] (453.7 K)
    153: ...ry of the chemical elements|discovered]] by [[Johann Arfvedson]] in [[1817]]. Arfvedson found the new...
  62. Lutetium (10459 bytes)
    78: | 2460 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1936 K
  63. Manganese (14965 bytes)
    55: ...re]] </td><td>121 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1517 K</td></tr>
    121: ...on of the dioxide with [[carbon]]. Around the beginning of the 19th century, scientists began explorin...
  64. Mercury (element) (24761 bytes)
    78: | 234.32 [[Kelvin|K]], 0.2 [[Pascal|mPa]]
    177: ...ly obtained by reduction from the [[mineral]] [[cinnabar]].
    189: ...cription sale of mercury fever thermometers was banned by a number of different states and localities)...
    190: *Mercury [[sphygmomanometer]]s (banned in some states and hospitals).
    212: ...ns. The [[United States Public Health Service]] banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in Dece...
  65. Molybdenum (10247 bytes)
    78: | 3.47 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 3000 K
  66. Neodymium (12345 bytes)
    55: ... </td><td>6.03E-3 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2890 K</td></tr>
    115: ...s. Neodymium magnets appear in products such as Sennheiser or iPod in-ear [[headphone]]s.
    120: ... Welsbach]], an [[Austria]]n [[chemist]], in [[Vienna]] in [[1885]]. He separated neodymium, as well a...
    170: ...p://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Nnd/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Neodymium]
  67. Neptunium (9972 bytes)
    56: ...ure]] </td><td>ND [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1323 K</td></tr>
    120: ...onium or uranium. US officials in March, 2004, planned to move the nation's supply of enriched neptuni...
  68. Nickel (13955 bytes)
    77: |237 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1726 K
  69. Niobium (10560 bytes)
    78: | 0.0755 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2741 K
    185: ...s by [[John Winthrop]], the first governor of [[Connecticut]]. There was a considerable amount of conf...
  70. Osmium (11139 bytes)
    58: ...e]] </td><td>2.52 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 3300 K</td></tr>
    162: ...mell") was discovered in [[1803]] by [[Smithson Tennant]] in London, England along with [[iridium]] in...
  71. Palladium (9737 bytes)
    78: | 1.33 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1825 K
    154: ...inum group]] metals. It is soft and ductile when annealed and greatly increases its strength and hardn...
    176: ...lement played an essential role in the [[Fleischmann-Pons experiment]], also known as [[cold fusion]].
  72. Platinum (10600 bytes)
    58: |[[Vapor pressure]] || 0.0312 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2045 K
  73. Plutonium (24623 bytes)
    79: | ND [[Pascal|Pa]] at 298 K
    174: ...nn T. Seaborg]], [[Edwin M. McMillan]], [[J. W. Kennedy]], and [[A. C. Wahl]] by [[deuteron]] bombardm...
    190: ...-grade plutonium.) Moreover, Pu-239 and Pu-240 cannot be chemically distinguished, so expensive and d...
    192: ... for frequently rotating this U-238. A reactor running on unenriched or moderately enriched uranium n...
    215: ... cancer on casual contact, which alpha emitters cannot.
  74. Polonium (10219 bytes)
    56: ...] </td><td>0.0176 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 527 K</td></tr>
    104: ...cause of its short halflife though polonium-210 cannot provide power for long-term space missions and ...
  75. Potassium (12496 bytes)
    56: ... </td><td>1.06&times;10<sup>-4</sup>[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] at __ K</td></tr>
  76. Praseodymium (9138 bytes)
    77: | 1,333224E-06 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1070 K
  77. Protactinium (7744 bytes)
    77: | 5.1E-5 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2200 K
  78. Radium (13138 bytes)
    55: <td>[[Vapor pressure]]</td><td>327 [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] at 973 K</td></tr>
  79. Rhenium (8807 bytes)
    59: <td>[[Vapor pressure]]</td><td>3.24 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 3453 K</td></tr>
    105: ... of 90 percent of the density of the metal. When annealed this metal is very ductile and can be bent, ...
  80. Rhodium (8753 bytes)
    78: | 0.633 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2239 K
    156: ...es rhodium recovery cost effective. However, the annual world production of this element is only 7 or ...
  81. Rubidium (10211 bytes)
    76: | 1.56 &times; 10<sup>-4</sup> [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]
    210: ... the minerals [[leucite]], [[pollucite]], and [[zinnwaldite]], which contains traces of up to 1% of it...
  82. Ruthenium (10241 bytes)
    78: | 1.4 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2523 K
    177: ...Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one o...
  83. Samarium (10157 bytes)
    77: | 563 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1345 K
  84. Scandium (10820 bytes)
    55: <td>[[Vapor pressure]] </td><td>22.1 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1812 K</td></tr>
    111: ...b>[[oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) of scandium are used annually in the [[United States]] to make high-intens...
    126: ...t remain after [[tungsten]] is extracted from [[Zinnwald wolframite]].
  85. Selenium (9236 bytes)
    79: | 0.695 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 494 K
  86. Silver (15157 bytes)
    77: | 0.34 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1234 K
    164: ...eparated from [[lead]] as early as the [[4th millennium BC]].
    183: ...(2492 [[metric ton]]s) in 2000, about 15% of the annual production of the world.
  87. Strontium (11493 bytes)
    76: | 246 [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] at 1042 K
  88. Tantalum (11817 bytes)
    76: | 0.776 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 3269 K
    174: ...Because the dielectric layer can be very thin (thinner than the similar layer in, for instance, an [[a...
  89. Tellurium (8984 bytes)
    77: | 23.1 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 272.65 K
  90. Technetium (32113 bytes)
    78: | 0.0229 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2473 K
    233: ...[uranium-238]]. This discovery was made by B.T. Kenna and P.K. Kuroda. {{inote | ''LANL Periodic Table...
    241: ...p to 1994, about 49,000 T[[Becquerel|Bq]] (78 [[tonne|metric ton]]) of technetium was produced in nucl...
  91. Thallium (12570 bytes)
    56: ... </td><td>5.33 [[micro|&micro;]][[Pascal|Pa]] at 577 K</td></tr>
  92. Thorium (11307 bytes)
    77: | n/a [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2028 K
    189: ...cularly large reserves of thorium, and so have planned their nuclear power program to eventually use i...
  93. Thulium (8549 bytes)
    78: | ND [[Pascal|Pa]] at __ K
  94. Tin (12094 bytes)
    77: | 5.78 [[scientific notation|E]]-21 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 505 K
    178: ... symbol '''Sn''' ([[Latin (language)|L.]] '''''Stannum''''') and [[atomic number]] 50. This silvery, m...
    183: ...b>2</sub>, in turn, is feebly acidic and forms stannate (tin) salts with [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] ox...
    189: ...-derived use of the slang term "[[tinnie]]" or "tinny" means "can of beer".
    196: ...ail package of a drug such as [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] or for a can of beer.
  95. Titanium (20884 bytes)
    54: <td>[[Vapor pressure]]</td><td>0.49 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1933 K</td></tr>
  96. Tungsten (13647 bytes)
    78: | 4.27 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 3680 K
    181: ...contain tungsten are used in the chemical and [[tanning]] industries. Tungsten 'bronzes' (so-called du...
    192: ...d [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] announced that [[urine]] tests on [[leukemia]] patien...
  97. Uranium (27752 bytes)
    77: | ND [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2200 K
    200: In the beginning of the [[Cold War]], to ensure adequate suppli...
    244: ...msa.org/processing/processing.htm] [http://money.cnn.com/services/tickerheadlines/for5/200411231804DOW...
    262: ...in, and [[alpha particle]]s released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin, so uranium that is outside ...
    277: *''World Uranium Resources'', by Kenneth S. Deffeyes and Ian D. MacGregor, Scientific A...
  98. Vanadium (13808 bytes)
    55: ...e]] </td><td>3.06 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2175 K</td></tr>
  99. Yttrium (9384 bytes)
    76: | 5.31 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 1799 K
  100. Zinc (12445 bytes)
    79: | 192.2 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 692.73 K
    163: ... only [[iron]], [[aluminium]], and [[copper]] in annual production.
    200: Eyesight, taste, smell and memory are also connected with zinc and a deficiency in zinc can cause...
  101. Zirconium (9876 bytes)
    78: | 0.00168 [[Pascal|Pa]] at 2125 K
  102. Voltaire (48640 bytes)
    10: ...ave been strict, but neither inhospitable nor tyrannical. Marguerite Arouet, of whom her younger broth...
    16: ...ux", the circle of the beautiful and ambitious [[Anne-Louise-B�n�dicte de Bourbon-Cond�, duchess...
    28: ... year chiefly recasting the now successful ''Marianne'', but also writing the comedy of ''L'Indiscret'...
    46: ... was published with certain "remarks" on [[Blaise Pascal]], more offensive to orthodoxy than itself, and n...
    78: ...ntention of allowing Voltaire to insult or to tyrannize over his other guests and servants.
  103. Creation (theology) (32465 bytes)
    59: ...clearly, creation is described as an absolute beginning, which includes the assertion that the very ex...
    77: ...of the Deep Sea]]'', an IMAX film which makes a connection between human [[DNA]] and [[microbe]]s insi...
    78: ...ieve in creationism, not evolution." [http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/23/volcano.movie.ap/in...
    85: ... protests, he reversed his opinion. [http://www2.onnachrichten.t-online.de/dyn/c/19/01/33/1901336.html...
    88: ...e to confirm Charles Darwin is still alive," and announced that the decision was reversed.
  104. Physics (25628 bytes)
    15: ...talists make a discovery that existing theories cannot account for, necessitating the formulation of n...
    34: | [[Boltzmann's constant]], [[Entropy]], [[Free energy]], [[Hea...
    94: ...iaan Huygens]], [[Johannes Kepler]], and [[Blaise Pascal]].
    110: ...eat as well as mechanical energy. [[Ludwig Boltzmann]], in the 19th century, is responsible for the mo...
    121: Beginning in [[1900]], [[Max Planck|Planck]], Einstein, ...
  105. Caterpillar track (7234 bytes)
    1: ...30 [[PSI]] (207 k[[Pascal|Pa]]), whereas the 70 tonne [[M1 Abrams]] has a ground pressure of just over...
    30: Tracks are moved by a [[driving wheel]] connected to the motor. The driving-wheel has teeth ar...
    32: ...-like as the track droops onto the wheels after running over the driving wheel and idler. The other sy...

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