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- Brain (22060 bytes)
9: .... The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through t...
11: The brains of craniates develop from the anterior section of a single dorsal [[neura...
20: ...ers are [[congenital]]. [[Tay-Sachs disease]], [[Fragile X syndrome]], [[Down syndrome]], and [[Toure...
38: ...derstand the nervous system, including the brain, from a biological perspective. [[Psychology]] seeks...
41: ... which are the mass changes in electrical current from the cerebral cortex, but can only detect change... - Breast (4630 bytes)
5: ...e]] above to the seventh or eighth ribs below and from the midline to the edge of the [[latissimus dor...
7: ...de [[mammary gland]]s, the axillary tail (tumours frequently occur here), the lobules, [[Cooper's liga...
18: About 75% of [[lymph]] from the breast travels to the ipsilateral (same sid...
24: ... the buttocks, the reason being that whilst other primates mate in the atypical piggy-back position, humans ...
26: ...a protruding jaw like our ancestors and the other primates, the infant's nose might be blocked by a flat fem... - Basal ganglia (4800 bytes)
14: striatum the basal ganglia receives input from the entire cortical
15: mantle, but with a majority of projections from the [[motor cortex|motor]],
16: ... cortex|sensorimotor]] and [[prefrontal cortex|prefrontal]]
20: ...he '''direct pathway''' is via direct connections from the striatum
24: The '''indirect pathway''' is via connections from the striatum to the - Arm (7276 bytes)
5: In primates the arms are richly adapted for both climbing and...
15: ...of the pectoralis major runs downward and outward from the inner half of the [[clavicle]]. The clavicu...
21: ...e traced into its [[tendon]] of insertion, in the front of the elbow joint.
29: ... perform most daily tasks with a range of flexion from 30 degrees to 70 degrees. Secondly, the head of...
33: ...ce of these two the median vein comes up from the front of the [[forearm]], while the two vertical lim... - Back (949 bytes)
2: ...] side of the [[torso]] in [[humans]] and other [[primates]]. It is supported by the [[vertebra|spine]]. - Buttock (426 bytes)
1: ...an]] ([[primate]]) [[pelvis]]. They allow humans (primates) to sit upright comfortably without resting weigh... - List of reference tables (55289 bytes)
7: ... allowing the link to be accessible in the future from the toolbar.
178: *[[List of largest optical refracting telescopes]]
363: *[[Historical African place names]]
371: *[[List of toponyms]] (with names derived from a place or region)
398: *[[List of fruits]] - Human (48024 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Primates]]}}
24: Humans have an erect body carriage that frees the upper limbs for manipulating objects, a hi...
30: ... [[state]]s down to [[Family|families]], and also from the [[community]] to the [[self]]. Seeking to [...
54: ...species of [[chimpanzee]]s should be reclassified from ''[[Pan troglodytes]]'' and ''[[Pan paniscus]]'...
56: ...had]] and seems to indicate an earlier divergence from the ape lineage. - Mammal (11782 bytes)
24: **[[Primates]]
34: **[[Afrosoricida]]
43: ...offspring during pregnancy. Mammals range in size from the {{convert|30|–|40|mm|abbr=on}} [[bumblebe...
154: ...ation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
162: From synapsids came the first mammal precursors, [[t... - Orangutan (5406 bytes)
7: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Primates]]}}
18: ... [[Indonesia]]. The word ''orangutan'' is derived from the [[Malay language|Malay]] ''orang hutan'' me...
25: ...facilities for orphaned young orangutans released from illegal captivity, interacting with the orphans...
34: * [[Jeffrey H. Schwartz]]
46: .../www.grungyape.com/new/orangutan.html Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Or... - Pope Leo I (11553 bytes)
1: ...eo the Great''', a Roman aristocrat, was [[Pope]] from [[440]] to [[461]]. He is the first great Pope ...
19: The fact that the African province of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] had b...
21: ...shops of [[Sicily]] ([[447]]) for their deviation from the Roman custom as to the time of [[baptism]],...
23: ...x of the hierarchy of bishops, metropolitans, and primates. However, after his death the influence of Consta...
27: ...his successor [[Pope Hilarius|Hilary]]. An appeal from [[Celidonius of Besan篮]] gave Leo occasion to... - Thumb (3123 bytes)
21: ... the [[thenar eminence]]. The other muscles come from the forearm. The [[extensor pollicis longus]] ...
29: ...is, however, is the suggested result of evolution from ''[[Homo erectus]]'' (around [[1 million|1 mill...
31: ... hand (and its thumb) is the freeing of the hands from their walking requirements - still so crucial f...
35: Many animals, primates and others, also have some kind of opposable thum...
40: * [[Cebid]]s (New World primates of Central and South America) - some have opposab... - Cerebral cortex (3090 bytes)
6: ...ebral cortex receives [[sensory]] [[information]] from many different sensory [[organ (anatomy)|organ]...
7: ...reas. The two hemispheres receive the information from the opposite sides of the [[body]].
9: ...eas and make up a great deal of the cortex in all primates, humans included. The cortex is comprised of the ...
13: ...s involved in producing our perceptions resulting from what our eyes see, ears hear and other sensory ...
14: # in the frontal lobe. Called prefrontal association complex and involved in planning... - Hand (6764 bytes)
7: ...nly true hands appear in the mammalian order of [[primates]]. Hands must also feature [[opposable thumb]]s, ...
14: ...he thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others:
22: ... 45?. A reliable way of identifying true hands is from the presence of [[opposable thumb]]s. Opposable...
51: ...y) and the lumbrical muscles. These muscles arise from the deep flexor (and are special because they h...
72: ...s that he relies heavily on this person, deriving from the importance and superiority place on the rig... - Ape (10931 bytes)
17: ...bers of the '''Hominoidea''' [[superfamily]] of [[primates]], including [[human]]s. There are two [[family (...
22: A few other primates have the word "ape" in their name, but they are n...
24: ...ilable and easily digested. They are native to [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].
29: ...] to separate the hominids, in this narrow sense, from the extant non-human members of the family Homi...
31: ...ferred to as bipedal apes. However there are also primates in other families that lack tails. - Baboon (5672 bytes)
13: ... The English word ''Baboon'' is thought to derive from that of the Egyptian baboon-god [[Babi (mytholo...
16: ...ight. They can raid human dwellings and in South Africa they have been known to prey on sheep and goat...
20: ... prey for a leopard and large males will often confront them.
22: ...'P. anubis'' ([[Olive Baboon]], found in central African [[savanna]]) and ''P. cynocephalus'' (Yellow ...
29: ...hem with food. Some females actually prefer such "friendly" males as mates. Females initiate mating by... - Bat (13851 bytes)
18: [[Free-tailed bat|Molossidae]]<br />
31: ...not just as pollinators, but eating the resulting fruits and so spreading their seeds. This role expla...
39: # Megachiroptera ([[megabat]]s or fruit bats)
42: Megabats eat fruit, while microbats eat mainly [[Insect|insects]]...
44: ...ysis the Megachiroptera are found to be allied to Primates. Genetic evidence has pointed to the common ances... - Gorilla (6336 bytes)
9: ...| author = [[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I Geoffroy]] | date = [[1853]]}}
17: ...ore]] that inhabits the [[forest]]s of central [[Africa]]. There are two species of gorilla, both in t...
19: ...ht from 1.65 m to 1.75 m, and in weight from 140 kg to 165 kg. Females are about ...
55: ...he namesake of the [[Donkey Kong]] [[video game]] franchise is a gorilla. - Chimpanzee (10645 bytes)
17: ...]], living in [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]. Its cousin, the [[Bonobo]] or Pygmy Chimpan...
20: A full grown adult male chimpanzee can weigh from 35-70 kg (75-155 pounds) and stand 0.9-1.2 m (3...
26: ...e exposed skin of the face, hands and feet varies from pink to very dark in both species but is genera...
30: ...uro-Arabic societal consciousness, mainly through fragmented and sketchy accounts of European adventur...
32: ...of these early trans-continental chimpanzees came from Angola and was presented as a gift to the Princ... - Gibbon (3982 bytes)
20: ...comotion, [[brachiation]], allowing them to swing from branch to branch distances of up to 50 feet, at... - Neanderthal (12705 bytes)
16: ...nhabited [[Europe]] and parts of western [[Asia]] from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (the [[Middle...
26: ...arm bones, part of the left [[pelvis|ilium]], and fragments of a [[scapula]] and ribs. They were origi...
28: ...ltimately led to the idea that these remains were from ancient [[Europe]]ans who had played an importa...
37: ...of ''[[Homo sapiens]]''; however, recent evidence from [[mitochondrial DNA]] studies indicates that [[...
39: ...e modern humans are considered a separate species from the "archaic" forms. This complication is intro... - Homo erectus (3723 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Primates]]}}
19: ...cestor of modern [[human]]s. The species is found from the middle [[Pleistocene]] onwards. It had fair...
21: ...s of the [[Acheulean]] style. The surviving tools from both periods are all made of stone. Oldowan too...
25: ...ced species of the ''Homo'' genus came to the forefront (such as ''[[Homo heidelbergensis|H. heidelber... - Peking Man (2617 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Primates]]}}
19: ... being exposed in 1923. The finds have been dated from roughly 250,000-400,000 years ago in the [[Plei...
21: ...and later by [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] and [[Franz Weidenreich]]. The first specimens of ''H. ere...
23: ...esearchers to rely on casts and existing writings from the original discoverers. - Opossum (4544 bytes)
1: ...[western hemisphere]]. Opossums probably diverged from the basic [[South America]]n [[marsupial]]s in ...
7: ...nks in part to more plentiful, manmade sources of fresh water, and milder winters. Since 1990, their ...
11: ... the mouth, and a foul-smelling fluid is secreted from the anal glands. The physiological response is ...
13: Adult oppossums do not hang from trees by their tails, though babies may dangle ...
16: ...ions of the [[Joy of Cooking]]. A favorite recipe from the southeast is "'possum and taters" which is ... - Biology (23579 bytes)
4: '''Biology''' is the [[science]] of [[life]] (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''bios'' = l...
19: ...>Biology studies the variety of life ''(clockwise from top-left)'' ''[[E. coli]]'', tree [[fern]], [[g...
38: ... tells the characteristics of the various species from which it descended—together with its gene...
62: ...existing [[organism]]s on [[Earth]] are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral [[gene pool]]. ...
64: ...hat there has been an unbroken continuity of life from the initial origin of life to the present time.... - Placentalia (2168 bytes)
10: [[Afrosoricida]]<br/>
19: [[Primates]]<br/>
32: ... mammals. The '''Placentalia''' are distinguished from other mammals in that the [[fetus|foetus]] is n...
34: ...liest known Placentalia species is ''[[Eomaia]]'' from the Lower [[Cretaceous]] of [[China]]. It is u... - Mandrill (3466 bytes)
12: ... | binomial_name = Mandrillus sphinx | author = [[Frederic Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] | date = [[1807]]}}
19: ...e tropical [[rain forest]]s of Equatorial West [[Africa]] (South [[Cameroon]], [[Gabon]], and [[Republ...
21: ...al creature]]s and may be found in groups ranging from 5 to 50 individuals, led by an older dominant m...
23: ...ging (mainly plants, insects and smaller animals) from the ground as they are [[terrestrial]], althoug... - Globus pallidus (1960 bytes)
1: ...tomy%29|nuclei]] of the [[basal ganglia]]. In non-primates the two parts of the globus pallidus are even mor...
4: ...nd also a reciprocal [[glutamate]]rgic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. It is sometimes used a... - Hippocampus (8957 bytes)
2: ...n [[memory]] and [[navigation]]. The name derives from its curved shape, which supposedly resembles th...
4: ...mptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation ([[anoxia]]) and [[encephalit...
6: ... significant development of hippocampal volume in primates correlates more with overall increase of brain ma...
18: ...a [[virtual reality]] town. The findings resulted from research with individuals who had electrodes im...
33: ...structures (including the hippocampus) to relieve frequent [[epileptic seizure]]s. Of particular note ... - Aye-aye (1185 bytes)
1: ...y (biology)|family]] '''Daubentoniidae''' and [[infraorder]] '''Chiromyiformes'''. A second species ('... - Incisor (921 bytes)
- Gelada (3522 bytes)
9: ... author = [[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I. Geoffroy]] | date = [[1843]]}}
14: ...day, fossils of the genus are known from [[South Africa]], [[Malawi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Co...
16: ''Theropithecus gelada'' can be distinguished from baboons by the bright patch of skin on their ch...
21: ...urishing parts. They have also been known to eat fruit on occasion. - Jane Goodall (4250 bytes)
3: ... received an honorary doctorate degree in science from [[Syracuse University]] on [[May 15]], [[2005]]...
10: Goodall was interested in animals from her youth; this, coupled with her [[secretary|s...
12: ...dom, where she earned a doctorate in [[ethology]] from the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1964.
19: ...ound the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to t...
23: ...visited Gombe National Park and was attacked by [[Frodo]] a chimp described by Goodall as a "bully". H... - Animal P (610 bytes)
17: *[[Poison Dart Frogs]]
25: *[[Primates]] - Black Howler Monkeys (4913 bytes)
28: Howler monkeys range in size from 56 to 92cm, excluding their tail which can be a...
30: ...[[social behavior]]. Specifically, the name comes from their distinctive loud barking whoop they make,...
32: ...eat mainly top canopy [[leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, and [[flower]]s. They move quadrapeda... - Crow (4780 bytes)
15: ... characterize crows as being to birds what higher primates (including [[human]]s) are to mammals. Crows have...
19: ...into [[North America]] (including [[Mexico]]), [[Africa]], [[Europe]], and [[Australia]].
21: They range in size from the relatively small [[Dove|pigeon]]-sized [[ja...
37: *[[Fish Crow]] ''C. ossifragus''
42: '''African species:''' - Gorillas (5571 bytes)
9: ...| author = [[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I Geoffroy]] | date = [[1853]]}}
17: ...ore]] that inhabits the [[forest]]s of central [[Africa]]. There are two species of gorilla, both in t...
19: ...ht from 1.65 m to 1.75 m, and in weight from 140 kg to 165 kg. Females are about ...
53: ...he namesake of the [[Donkey Kong]] [[video game]] franchise is a gorilla. - Howler Monkeys (5154 bytes)
30: Howler monkeys range in size from 56 to 92cm, excluding their tail which can be a...
32: ...[social behaviour]]. Specifically, the name comes from their distinctive loud barking whoop they make,...
34: ...eat mainly top canopy [[leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, and [[flower]]s. They move quadrapeda... - Lemurs (4235 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_infraordo_entry | taxon = '''Lemuriformes'''}}<br>{{Ta...
20: ...lemur]] species are not lemurs, nor are they even primates.
22: ...ed into a number of species. These range in size from the tiny 30 gram [[Peters' Mouse Lemur]] to the...
24: ... are generally [[omnivore]]s, eating a variety of fruits, flowers and leaves (and sometimes nectar) as...
32: ...d the [[haplorrhine]]s, suggesting they split off from the other lemurs first. As such, the Cheirogale... - Mandrills (3466 bytes)
12: ... | binomial_name = Mandrillus sphinx | author = [[Frederic Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] | date = [[1807]]}}
19: ...e tropical [[rain forest]]s of Equatorial West [[Africa]] (South [[Cameroon]], [[Gabon]], and [[Republ...
21: ...al creature]]s and may be found in groups ranging from 5 to 50 individuals, led by an older dominant m...
23: ...ging (mainly plants, insects and smaller animals) from the ground as they are [[terrestrial]], althoug... - Mangabeys (2204 bytes)
10: ... author = [[ɴienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|ɮ Geoffroy]] | date = [[1812]]}}
25: '''Mangabeys''' are West-African [[monkey]]s, belonging to the either of the g... - Marmosets (3943 bytes)
20: ...r canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit and leaves. They have long lower [[incisor]]s...
29: ...-headed Marmoset]], ''Callithrix (Callithrix) geoffroyi'' - Opossums (4544 bytes)
1: ...[western hemisphere]]. Opossums probably diverged from the basic [[South America]]n [[marsupial]]s in ...
7: ...nks in part to more plentiful, manmade sources of fresh water, and milder winters. Since 1990, their ...
11: ... the mouth, and a foul-smelling fluid is secreted from the anal glands. The physiological response is ...
13: Adult oppossums do not hang from trees by their tails, though babies may dangle ...
16: ...ions of the [[Joy of Cooking]]. A favorite recipe from the southeast is "'possum and taters" which is ... - Proboscis Monkeys (3096 bytes)
9: ... author = [[ɴienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|E. Geoffroy]] | date = [[1812]]}}
12: ...k | binomial_name = Nasalis larvatus | author = [[Friedrich von Wurmb|Wurmb]] | date = [[1787]]}}
20: ...ike most other [[simian]]s. They mostly eat green fruits, seeds, and leaves.
22: ...p is very flexible, and animals are known to move from group to group quite often.
24: ...n picked up by fishing boats in open ocean a mile from shore. While wading, the monkeys use an upright... - Prosimians (1123 bytes)
1: ... [[ape]]s and [[human]]s. Prosimians are the only primates native to [[Madagascar]], and are also found in S...
6: ...es all of the prosimians also includes all of the primates. This relationship is shown by the bolded ranks i... - Snow Monkeys (3542 bytes)
15: ...ive to northern [[Japan]], although an introduced free-ranging population has been living near [[Lared...
17: ...with tail length approximately 10 cm. Males weigh from 10 to 14 kg, females, around 5.5 kg.
28: ...copy her behaviour. This trait was then passed on from generation to generation, until eventually, all... - Spider Monkeys (5787 bytes)
2: ...00px|Geoffroy's Spider Monkey]] | caption = [[Geoffroy's Spider Monkey]]}}
9: ... author = [[ɴienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|E. Geoffroy]] | date = [[1806]]}}
14: ''[[White-fronted Spider Monkey|Ateles belzebuth]]''<br/>
19: ''[[Geoffroy's Spider Monkey|Ateles geoffroyi]]''
22: ...subfamily [[Atelinae]]. Found in tropical forests from southern [[Mexico]] to [[Brazil]], spider monke... - Vervet Monkeys (2054 bytes)
15: ...gerythrus''), or just simply '''Vervet''', is an African [[Old World monkey]] species that is classifi...
17: ...r by being constantly killed by people. In South Africa, these creatures can be killed in any method w...
19: ... weight. Both have the tail lengths that can vary from 50 to 115 cm. - Mammal classification (78467 bytes)
9: ...sh among the orders within these subclasses and infraclasses. This system also makes no note of the p...
19: *Infraclass [[Metatheria]]
46: *Infraclass [[Eutheria]]
82: **Order [[Primates]]
185: ...istory]], New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completel... - Indri (1295 bytes)
11: ...| binomial_name = Indri indri | author = [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]] | date = [[1788]]}}
16: ...ord "indri" is [[Malagasy]] for "Look!". [[France|French]] naturalist Pierre Sonnerat heard a Malagasy... - Proboscis Monkey (3098 bytes)
9: ...uthor = [[�tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|E. Geoffroy]] | date = [[1812]]}}
12: ...k | binomial_name = Nasalis larvatus | author = [[Friedrich von Wurmb|Wurmb]] | date = [[1787]]}}
20: ...ike most other [[simian]]s. They mostly eat green fruits, seeds, and leaves.
22: ...p is very flexible, and animals are known to move from group to group quite often.
24: ...n picked up by fishing boats in open ocean a mile from shore. While wading, the monkeys use an upright... - Eocene (7034 bytes)
1: ...n the [[Cenozoic era]]. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the [[Paleocene]] epoch to the begin...
8: ...o lower and upper subdivisions. The Faunal stages from youngest to oldest are:
24: ...inction event that distinguishes Eocene [[fauna]] from the ecosystems of the [[Paleocene]].
31: ...wn, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and icefloes north, reinf...
39: [[India]] continued its journey away from [[Africa]], and began its collision with [[Asia]], fold... - Linnaean classification (11503 bytes)
5: ...t known system of classifying forms of life comes from the Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]], who classi...
13: ...ding to similarities and differences that emerged from observation.
19: ...as [[binomial nomenclature]], and the name formed from the two parts is known as the [[scientific name...
23: ...p at a given layer is composed of a set of groups from the layer directly below. Simply knowing the tw...
25: The groupings ([[taxa]]) of [[taxonomy]] from most general to most specific are: - Homo (genus) (2583 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Primates]]}}
45: ... sapiens'', but analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] from ''H. neanderthalensis'' fossils suggests that t... - Tool (5792 bytes)
6: ...oint) being the hand of the user. The further out from the pivot point, the more force is transmitted ...
75: [[fr:Outil]]
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