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  1. Mary I of England (24813 bytes)
    3: ...ight|thumb|220px|'''Mary I''' <br><small>Queen of England and Ireland</small>]]
    8: ...cases reversed by her successor, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]].
    13: ... Catherine's sixth and last child was a stillborn daughter.
    17: ...her Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed; it provided that ...
    19: ...acknowledged as "Supreme Head" of the [[Church of England]].
  2. Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
    2: ...right|220px|'''Elizabeth I''' <br><small>Queen of England and Ireland</small>]]
    7: ...d during a period of great religious turmoil in [[England|English]] history.
    9: ...tal misalliances. Like her father [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], she was a writer and poet. She gran...
    11: ... and seven [[baron|baronies]] in the [[Peerage of England]], and one barony in the [[Peerage of Ireland]], ...
    16: ...ed in the line of succession after [[Edward VI of England|Prince Edward]] under the [[English Act of Succes...
  3. Mary II of England (12093 bytes)
    2: ...umb|right|175px|'''Mary II''' <br><small>Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland</small>]]
    8: ...th her husband and first cousin, [[William III of England|William III]], who became the sole ruler upon her...
    11: ...nne Hyde]]. Mary's uncle was King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]; her maternal grandfather, [[Edward ...
    15: ... the [[Louis, the Grand Dauphin|Dauphin Louis]] &mdash; but afterwards approved, as a coalition with t...
    20: ...mes Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]&mdash;in June [[1688]], for the son would, unlike Mar...
  4. William I of England (8753 bytes)
    2: ...England.jpg|thumb|right|180px|''King William I of England'']]
    7: ...in [[France]], William succeeded to the throne of England by right of conquest by winning the [[Battle of H...
    16: ...was 22. Their marriage produced four sons and six daughters (see list below).
    20: ==Conquest of England==
    23: ...bably in [[1052]]) and that [[Harold Godwinson]], England's foremost magnate, had reportedly pledged his su...
  5. Culture of England (4178 bytes)
    1: ...t to which other cultures have influenced life in England.
    6: ... the geographical region presently referred to as England. This results in the term being almost indefinabl...
    10: ...sts presently working range from Lucian Freud and Damien Hirst.
    12: Oil painting came comparatively late to England. Hans Holbein, an imported talent, is generally c...
    14: And although Charles I of England built up a great royal collection of art, the dis...

Page text matches

  1. List of explorers (24013 bytes)
    8: *[[Francisco de Almeida]] ([[16th century]] [[Portuguese]] naval explorer...
    14: *[[Charles Albanel]] (1616-1696), Canada
    21: ...] naval officer, several expeditions to the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Arctic]]
    23: ...]], first to sight the [[Pacific Ocean]], founded Darién, oldest surviving European settlement in the...
    38: *[[Saint Brendan]] - [[Ireland|Irish]] [[abbot]] who sailed the [...
  2. King Arthur (22450 bytes)
    5: ... [[Cornwall]], or the west of what would become [[England]], but controversy over the centre of his power a...
    9: ...little reason for him to have become a major legendary figure.
    15: ...ed the later legends, like the [[Scots]] king [[Aedan mac Gabran]], who had a son called Artuir and wh...
    19: ... [[Taliesin]] are possibly from a similarly early date: ''The Chair of the Sovereign'', which refers t...
    23: ...]] by [[Caradoc of Llancarfan]], Arthur killed Gildas' brother Hueil, a pirate on the [[Isle of Man]]....
  3. Christopher Columbus (44177 bytes)
    1: ...lumbus''' ([[1451]]<sup>[[#Early life|1]]</sup> &ndash; [[20 May]] [[1506]]) ( ''Cristòfor Colom'' in...
    5: ...led by [[João Vaz Corte-Real]] to Terra Verde (today's Newfoundland). [[Giovanni Caboto]] (better kno...
    7: ... in the Bahamas) is celebrated as a [[Holiday|holiday]].
    11: ...ome &ndash; including many [[Native Americans]] &ndash; view him as responsible, directly or indirectl...
    21: ...ant, and his mother was Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of a woollens merchant. Christopher had thr...
  4. David Livingstone (4684 bytes)
    1: [[image:david_livingstone.jpg|thumb|right|David Livingstone]]
    3: '''David Livingstone''' ([[March 19]], [[1813]] &ndash; [[May 1]], [[1873]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish...
    6: ...the example of another Scot, Robert Moffat, whose daughter he later married, and joined the [[London M...
    8: ...though she was pregnant &ndash; but returned to [[England]] with their children.
    11: ...orial at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|right|David Livingstone memorial at [[Victoria Falls]]]]
  5. Middle Colonies (4101 bytes)
    1: ...erant. They had more [[agriculture]] than the New England colony. The Middle Colonies were also known as th...
    5: ... ate a form of pudding called cornmeal mush every day of the year. [[Johnnycake]], bread made with co...
    11: ...d less schooling than the average second grader today. The only book owned by many families was the [[...
    13: ...iends and relatives along with [[gardening]], and dancing was popular among both women and men. From t...
  6. Industrial Revolution (30001 bytes)
    1: ...y industry and machine manufacture. It began in [[England]] with the introduction of [[steam engine|steam p...
    3: The dating of the Industrial Revolution is not exact, bu...
    10: ... institutional changes wrought by the end of [[feudalism]] in [[Great Britain]] after the [[English Ci...
    16: ...so they invested in the production of machines in England.
    22: ...able as there was privilege and monopoly. The abundant supply of coal and iron ore made the making of ...
  7. Steel (28384 bytes)
    8:
    32: ...copper-smelting sites on the [[Sinai Peninsula]], dated to about 3000 BC. Some iron oxides are effect...
    34: ...] died in [[1323 BC]] and was buried with an iron dagger with a golden hilt. An [[Ancient Egyptian]] [...
    40: ...artifact is a knife found on [[Cyprus]] at a site dated to [[1100 BC]].
    46: ...and weapons. A mass grave in [[Hebei]] province, dated to the early third century BC, contains severa...
  8. Puritan (15882 bytes)
    1: ...p of radical [[Protestants]] which developed in [[England]] after the [[Reformation]].
    4: ...in the 17th century would be "[[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]]": Puritanism was a movement rather th...
    8: ...ervient to politics. Persecuted under [[Mary I of England]] ("Bloody Mary"), Protestants like [[Thomas Cart...
    12: ...otestants. As a group, they wanted the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches ...
    14: ...ed. Attempts by the [[bishop]]s of the Church of England to enforce uniformity of usage in the ''Book of C...
  9. China (38909 bytes)
    32: ...[Silk Road]] before it finally reached Europe and England. The Western "China", transliterated to [[Shina (...
    34: ...low [[political divisions of China|provincial boundaries]]. In many contexts, "China" is commonly used...
    38: ...hina]]" (中國大陸,''zhōngguó dàlù'' in Mandarin), especially when contrasting it with other, p...
    45: ...hang]], who settled along the [[Huang He]] river, dating from the 18th to the 12th centuries BC. The S...
    55: ...ist state]]&mdash;the People's Republic of China&mdash;that laid claim to be the successor state of th...
  10. November 4 (10686 bytes)
    2: ...p year]]s) in the [[Gregorian Calendar]], with 57 days remaining.
    4: {{NovemberCalendar}}
    7: ... captures [[Antwerp (city)|Antwerp]] (after three days the city was nearly destroyed).
    9: ...e [[Mary II of England]] marries [[William III of England|William, Prince of Orange]]. They would later be...
    35: ...�tien]] takes office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]].
  11. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (35966 bytes)
    2: ...beth II in an official portrait as [[Queen of Canada]] (on the occasion of her [[Golden Jubilee of Eli...
    7: ...s]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Canada]], [[Grenada]], [[Jamaica]], [[New Zealand]], [[Papua New Guin...
    9: ... of England|Supreme Governor]] of the [[Church of England]], [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[UK Armed Force...
    15: ... of York (n饠[[Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]), the daughter of [[Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of...
    17: As a granddaughter of the British sovereign in the male line, ...
  12. Adela of Normandy (2741 bytes)
    5: ...her of both [[Stephen of England|Stephen, King of England]] and [[Henry of Blois]], [[Bishop of Winchester]...
    7: ... She was the favorite sister of King [[Henry I of England]]; they were probably the youngest of the Conquer...
    9: ...89]], making him one of the wealthiest men of his day. He was a proud and self-indulgent man, who had ...
    15: # [[Stephen I of England|Stephen of Blois]]
    22: ...ft Blois in [[1111]] to join his uncle's court in England.
  13. Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
    5: Melisende was the eldest daughter of King [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]] and the...
    11: ... in diplomatic correspondence. Baldwin raised his daughter as a capable successor to himself and Melis...
    13: ...Maud, [[Henry I of England]]'s designated heir as England's next Queen regnant). Throughout the negotiation...
    21: ...ons of infidelity was a public affront that would damage Melisende's position entirely.
    37: ...hem. The result of this breach of treaty was that Damascus would never trust the Crusader states again...
  14. Agnes of Courtenay (6051 bytes)
    3: Agnes was the daughter of [[Joscelin II of Courtenay]], [[County o...
    9: ...s questioned by supporters of Amalric and Maria's daughter [[Isabella of Jerusalem|Isabella]]. There w...
    13: ...f [[Humphrey IV of Toron]] to Amalric and Maria's daughter Isabella; one of the terms of marriage was ...
    15: ...10 years, while the Haute Cour and the kings of [[England]], [[France]], and [[Germany]] were to choose the...
    20: ...nay]], [[Latin Empire|Latin emperor]], and [[Yolanda of Flanders]]. She married [[Geoffrey II Villhard...
  15. Sibylla of Jerusalem (11497 bytes)
    1: ...salem]] from [[1186]] to 1190. She was the eldest daughter of [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]] and [[Agnes o...
    17: ...Bohemund, her political rivals, from marrying her daughter into the rival court faction, led by the Ib...
    19: Sibylla bore her new husband two daughters, Alice and Maria. Initially Baldwin IV ves...
    23: ...3]] allowed for the Haute Cour and the kings of [[England]], [[France]], and [[Germany]] to choose the next...
    27: ...wing the precedent of Melisende, and as the elder daughter of King Amalric, Sibylla had the best claim...
  16. Isabella of Jerusalem (7928 bytes)
    3: ...n of Jerusalem]] [[1192]]&ndash;1205. She was the daughter of [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]] and his secon...
    11: ...succession would be adjudicated by the kings of [[England]], [[France]], and [[Germany]]. The selection wou...
    19: ...e King of France. It was his uncle [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lion-Hearted]], a close ally and frie...
    23: ... (born [[1200]]), and one son, Amalric ([[1201]]&ndash;1205). King Amalric died in 1205, shortly befor...
    25: ...er death in 1205, she was succeeded by her eldest daughter [[Maria of Montferrat]].
  17. Isabella of Castile (4156 bytes)
    2: ...used in modern Spanish) ([[April 22]], [[1451]] &ndash; [[November 26]], [[1504]]) was [[Kings of Cast...
    5: ...l de Beaumont]]. Finally she was great-great-granddaughter to [[Nuno Alvares Pereira]], Count de Barce...
    7: She was great-granddaughter of [[John I of Castile]] and his wife [[Ele...
    8: ...nez Perez, and his wife Beatriz Pereira, countess da Barcellos.
    10: ... Lancaster]], a half sister of King [[Henry IV of England]]. Her maternal grandparents were Prince [[Joao o...
  18. Eleanor of Aquitaine (11927 bytes)
    3: ...he was [[Queen consort]] of both [[France]] and [[England]] in her lifetime.
    6: ...ad been arranged by his father and her mother, as Dangereuse was the long-time mistress of [[William I...
    10: ... [[Loire]] to the [[Pyrenees]]: most of what is today the southwest of France. However, there was a c...
    12: ...] from V麥lay, the rumored location of [[Mary Magdalene]]'s burial, dramatically emphasized the role ...
    16: ...tence on conquest, the crusade leaders targeted [[Damascus]], an ally until the attack. Failing in thi...
  19. Catherine de' Medici (7484 bytes)
    3: ...dici family|Medici]]''' ([[April 13]], [[1519]] &ndash; [[January 5]], [[1589]]), born in Italy as '''...
    5: Born in [[Florence, Italy]], she was a daughter of [[Lorenzo II de' Medici]], Duke of Urbin...
    11: During the reign of her husband (1547&ndash;1559), Catherine lived a quiet and passive life...
    13: ... she enforced a ban on thick waists at court attendance during the 1550s. For nearly 350 years, women'...
    17: ...son, the duke of Anjou, to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], but that did not come about.
  20. Mary I of England (24813 bytes)
    3: ...ight|thumb|220px|'''Mary I''' <br><small>Queen of England and Ireland</small>]]
    8: ...cases reversed by her successor, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]].
    13: ... Catherine's sixth and last child was a stillborn daughter.
    17: ...her Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed; it provided that ...
    19: ...acknowledged as "Supreme Head" of the [[Church of England]].
  21. Mary I of Scotland (27810 bytes)
    7: ... of [[Scotland]] from [[December 14]], [[1542]] &ndash; [[July 24]], [[1567]]. She is perhaps the best...
    9: ... lived at approximately the same time ([[1516]] &ndash; [[1558]]), and whose reign coincided with that...
    17: ... during her time in France, and she and her descendants stuck with it.)
    19: ...eir heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England. Two months later, Mary and her mother, who stron...
    24: On the day of the coronation Mary was dressed in heavy rega...
  22. Christina of Sweden (9364 bytes)
    1: ... of [[Sweden]] from [[1632]] to [[1654]], was the daughter of King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]. As...
    14: <tr valign=top><td>'''Date of Birth'''<td>[[December 18]], [[1626]]
    16: <tr valign=top><td>'''Date of Death'''<td>[[April 19]], [[1689]]
    31: ...tes (clergy, burgesses and peasants) in the [[Riksdag of the Estates]] of [[1650]] for the reduction o...
    39: The importunity of the senate and Riksdag on the question of her marriage was a constant s...
  23. Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
    2: ...right|220px|'''Elizabeth I''' <br><small>Queen of England and Ireland</small>]]
    7: ...d during a period of great religious turmoil in [[England|English]] history.
    9: ...tal misalliances. Like her father [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], she was a writer and poet. She gran...
    11: ... and seven [[baron|baronies]] in the [[Peerage of England]], and one barony in the [[Peerage of Ireland]], ...
    16: ...ed in the line of succession after [[Edward VI of England|Prince Edward]] under the [[English Act of Succes...
  24. Anne of Great Britain (22303 bytes)
    3: | [[Image:queen_anne_england.JPG|right|thumb|150px|'''Anne''' <br><small>Queen...
    8: ...[[8 March]] [[1702]]. On [[1 May]] [[1707]], when England and Scotland combined into a single [[Kingdom of ...
    10: ...-operate. The [[Act of Union 1707]] (which united England and Scotland into Great Britain) was a product of...
    15: ...t politician). Her uncle was King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], and her sister was the future Mary ...
    17: ...tant [[Prince George of Denmark]], brother of the Danish King [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]]. ...
  25. Mary II of England (12093 bytes)
    2: ...umb|right|175px|'''Mary II''' <br><small>Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland</small>]]
    8: ...th her husband and first cousin, [[William III of England|William III]], who became the sole ruler upon her...
    11: ...nne Hyde]]. Mary's uncle was King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]; her maternal grandfather, [[Edward ...
    15: ... the [[Louis, the Grand Dauphin|Dauphin Louis]] &mdash; but afterwards approved, as a coalition with t...
    20: ...mes Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]&mdash;in June [[1688]], for the son would, unlike Mar...
  26. Victoria of the United Kingdom (38571 bytes)
    7: ...h. Her reign lasted more than sixty-three years &mdash; longer than that of any other British monarch....
    12: ...future King George IV), did marry, but had only a daughter, [[Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales]]. W...
    14: ...French]]. Her educator was the Reverend [[George Davys]] and her governess was [[Louise Lehzen]].
    20: ...f the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s descendants a separate family surname, [[Mountbatten-Winds...
    25: ...ugustus I of Hanover|Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]], who became King Ernest Augustus of Hanover. ...
  27. Anne Neville (4967 bytes)
    1: ...]) was [[Queen consort]] of King [[Richard III of England]] [[1483]]-[[1485]].
    5: ...], [[1456]], at [[Warwick Castle]], the younger [[daughter]] of [[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]] a...
    9: ...s he had received for helping King [[Edward IV of England]] to the throne, had changed sides and allied him...
    11: ... battle a few months later. Anne arrived back in England with her new husband and mother-in-law to find he...
    15: The marriage of Anne Neville and [[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]], took place on [[Ju...
  28. Catherine of Valois (1918 bytes)
    1: ...[3 January]] [[1437]]) was the Queen consort of [[England]] from [[1420]] till [[1422]].
    3: ...f this marriage was the future King [[Henry VI of England]].
    7: ...come the father of the future King [[Henry VII of England]].
  29. Diana, Princess of Wales (29391 bytes)
    6: date_of_birth=[[1 July]], [[1961]] |
    7: place_of_birth=[[Sandringham]], [[Norfolk]], [[England]] |
    8: date_of_death=[[31 August]], [[1997]] |
    11: ...ten-Windsor]], n饠Spencer) ([[1 July]] [[1961]]&ndash;[[31 August]] [[1997]]) was the first [[wife]] ...
    13: ...anthropic endeavours were overshadowed by a [[scandal]]-plagued marriage. Her bitter accusations of [[...
  30. Elizabeth Woodville (6291 bytes)
    2: ... was the [[Queen consort]] of King [[Edward IV of England]] from [[1464]] until his death in [[1483]].
    6: ...to [[Margaret of Anjou]], Queen of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]. In about [[1452]], she married Sir [[...
    12: ...dowager [[Duke of Norfolk|Duchess]] of [[Norfolk, England|Norfolk]]. Katherine had been widowed three times...
    16: ...dden death in [[1483]]. The elder, [[Edward V of England|Edward]], had been born in [[sanctuary]] at [[Wes...
    18: ...lost the title of Queen Mother and was called The Dame Elizabeth Grey. She and her other children wer...
  31. Margaret of Anjou (3729 bytes)
    1: ... [[1482]]) was the Queen consort of [[Henry VI of England]] from [[1445]] to [[1471]], and a major proponen...
    3: ...n the province of [[Lorraine]] in [[France]], the daughter of [[Rene I of Naples]], Duke of [[Anjou]],...
    14: ...y began raising an army in Wales and the north of England, where she was assisted by Henry's half-brother, ...
    18: ...nce, and Margaret insisted that Warwick return to England to prove himself, before she followed. He did so...
    20: ...ghter-in-law were ready to follow Warwick back to England, however, he had been defeated and killed by the ...
  32. Marie Antoinette (40871 bytes)
    2: ...er]] [[1755]] ? executed [[16 October]] [[1793]]) Daughter of [[Maria Theresa of Austria]], wife of [[...
    4: ...-Antoinette was the fifteenth child (the youngest daughter; she had a brother one year younger) of the...
    9: ... he would like the hand of the Empress's youngest daughter in marriage - Marie-Antoinette (much to the...
    15: ...ria-Antonia should be sent to France to marry the dauphin.
    17: ...rteen. The Empress's parting words to her sobbing daughter was, "Farewell, my dearest child. Do so muc...
  33. Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor (3681 bytes)
    1: ...tor, Viscountess Astor''' ([[May 19]], [[1879]] &ndash; [[May 2]], [[1964]]) was a socialite politicia...
    4: ...]] was the wife and model of the artist [[Charles Dana Gibson]], creator of the [[Gibson Girl]]. One o...
    6: ...husband, [[Robert Gould Shaw 2nd]], then moved to England where in 1906, she married [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd V...
    8: ...Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] candidate in the required by-election. Elected on [[Novem...
    10: ...Winston Churchill]] as his replacement. Her son [[David Astor]], who became editor/owner of ''The Obse...
  34. Aung San Suu Kyi (4196 bytes)
    4: '''Daw Aung San Suu Kyi''' (born [[June 19]], [[1945]] ...
    6: She is the daughter of General [[Aung San]], who negotiated Bur...
    8: ...n Studies]], [[University of London]]. While in [[England]], Suu Kyi met and married [[Michael Aris]], a sc...
    12: Heavily influenced by [[Mohandas Gandhi]]'s philosophy of nonviolence, Aung San S...
    18: ...t each other." Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country." However on [[May 30]], [[200...
  35. Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (2468 bytes)
    2: ...gland|King James II]]) and befriended his younger daughter; Anne was a few years Sarah's junior. They...
    6: ...] (1961-1997), Sarah sought to marry off her granddaughter [[Diana Spencer|Lady Diana Spencer]] (1710-...
    8: ... Somerset|The Duchess of Somerset]] | years=1704&ndash;1710}}
    11: ...daughter of [[Sir Winston Churchill]] and a descendant of the original Sarah.
  36. Sonia Gandhi (4483 bytes)
    7: ...lish language|English]] in [[Cambridge|Cambridge, England]] (not affliated to the [[University of Cambridge...
    15: ... became Prime Minister. However, on [[May 18]], a day before her scheduled inauguration, unleashing a ...
    17: ...In addition, she has also edited 'Freedom&#8217;s Daughter' and 'Two Alone, Two Together' (two volumes...
  37. Mary Robinson (21825 bytes)
    3: ...|1990 presidential election]] becoming, as a candidate of the [[Irish Labour Party|Labour Party]], the...
    17: <tr><td>'''Other candidates:'''</td><td>[[Fianna Fᩬ]]: Brian Lenihan, TD...
    23: ...]], [[County Mayo]] in [[1944]], Robinson was the daughter of two medical doctors. The Hiberno-Norman ...
    25: ... studying in Trinity, founded by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] and once a [[Protestant]], [[...
    31: ...ich she was first elected, as an independent candidate, in 1969. From this body she campaigned on a wi...
  38. Margaret Thatcher (46377 bytes)
    7: &ndash; [[28 November]] [[1990]]
    15: |'''Date of Birth:'''
    19: |[[Grantham]], [[England]]
    27: ...''Iron Lady''' in [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] propaganda (because of her vocal opposition to [[communism]]...
    31: ...cially in the industrial heartlands of [[northern England]], and increased wealth inequalities. However fro...
  39. Christabel Pankhurst (1631 bytes)
    3: ...) was a [[suffragette]] born in [[Manchester]], [[England]].
    5: ...tant]] action for the suffragette cause after her daughter's arrest and was herself imprisoned on many...
    7: ...hwick riding but was defeated. Leaving her native England, she moved to the [[United States]] where she eve...
    9: She was made a Dame Commander of the British Empire in 1936.
  40. Emmeline Pankhurst (1950 bytes)
    5: ...l Smyth]]. She was joined in the movement by her daughters, [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] and [...
  41. Sylvia Pankhurst (3170 bytes)
    5: ...was born in [[Manchester|Manchester, England]], a daughter of [[Dr. Richard Pankhurst]] and [[Emmeline...
    15: ...gs of the International in [[Russia]] and [[Amsterdam]] and also meetings of the Italian Socialist Par...
  42. Jane Austen (5805 bytes)
    2: ...use in Chawton).jpg|thumb|House of Jane Austen (today it is a museum)]]
    3: '''Jane Austen''' ([[December 16]], [[1775]]&ndash;[[July 18]], [[1817]]) was a prominent [[Englis...
    5: ...ster, Hampshire|Winchester]] to seek medical attendance, but so rapid was the progress of her malady t...
    12: ... view of life seems largely genial, with a strong dash of gentle but keen satire: she appeals rarely a...
    34: *The History of England
  43. Isak Dinesen (2959 bytes)
    3: ...''. Blixen wrote works both in [[Danish language|Danish]] and in [[English language|English]]. She i...
    5: ... [[Croix de Guerre]] while serving with the [[Canada|Canadian]] army in the [[First World War]].
    9: ... to publish several other works simultaneously in Danish and English, mostly collections of short stor...
    15: * ''The Hermits'' (1907, published in a Danish journal under the name Osceola)
    16: * ''The Ploughman'' (1907, published in a Danish journal under the name Osceola)
  44. George Eliot (6014 bytes)
    3: ...an era]], whose novels, largely set in provincial England, are well known for their [[realism]] and psychol...
    5: ...vate life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with [[George Henry ...
    8: Mary Ann Evans was the daughter of an estate agent in [[Warwickshire]], bor...
    10: ...career. Evans' cohabitation with Lewes was a scandalous matter. Lewes' wife refused to be divorced, ...
    21: ...[Middlemarch]]''. By the time of ''[[Daniel Deronda]]'', Eliot's sales were falling off, and she fade...
  45. Marie de France (1845 bytes)
    1: ... de France''' was a [[poet]], in [[France]] and [[England]] during the late [[12th century]]. Little is kno...
    3: ...arie de France" could be same as Eleanor's eldest daughter Mary, Princess of France and Countess of Ch...
  46. Artemisia Gentileschi (23093 bytes)
    3: ...ileschi''' ([[July 8]], [[1593]] - [[1653]]) is today considered one of the most accomplished Early [[...
    10: ...elden]]. The picture shows how, under parental guidance, Artemisia assimilated the realism of [[Carava...
    12: ..., so Orazio hired the Tuscan painter to tutor his daughter privately. The unfortunate effect was that ...
    14: ...apped around the fingers and tighted by degrees &mdash; a particularly cruel torture to a painter. Bot...
    18: ... Virgin Mary with Baby"''), currently in the [[Spada Gallery]], [[Rome]].
  47. Nina Hamnett (3501 bytes)
    1: '''Nina Hamnett''' ([[February 14]], [[1890]] &ndash; [[December 16]], [[1956]]) was an artist and w...
    7: ... as the ''[[Salon d'Automne]]'' in Paris. Back in England, she taught at the [[Westminster Technical Instit...
    21: Nina Hamnett died in London, England in 1965.
  48. Ouida (1938 bytes)
    1:
    3: De la Ram饠was born in [[Bury St Edmunds]], [[England]], to an English father and a French mother. She...
    16: * ''Held in Bondage'' (1863) (first published with the title ''Gran...
    18: * ''Idalia'' (??)
    33: * ''Wanda'' (1883)
  49. Christine de Pizan (6645 bytes)
    2: ...Pisan in fact was merely describing a standard feudal practice whereby the wife of a nobleman was expe...
    13: ...n the occasion of the marriage of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] with [[Isabella of France]] (1396), ...
    15: ...d to her pretensions as a moralist. [[Henry IV of England]] desired her to make his court her home, and she...
    19: ...des trois vertus'', or ''Le Tr鳯r de la cite des dames''. She was devoted to her adopted country. Dur...
    21: ...obably took place about this time. Her ''Cite des dames'' contains many interesting contemporary portr...
  50. Gertrude Stein (13569 bytes)
    17: ... were visiting with [[Alfred North Whitehead]] in England. They returned to France and volunteered to drive...
    54: ...means value, in the sense of overall lightness or darkness of a painting, Stein using a high proportio...
    58: ...ere gay there, they were regularly gay there everyday," of which he contends that the, "effect would b...
    60: ...te in long hand, typically about half an hour per day. Alice B. Toklas would collect the pages, type t...
    61: Today, most manuscripts are kept in the [[Beinecke Lib...
  51. Amy Johnson (2606 bytes)
    2: '''Amy Johnson''' ([[July 1]], [[1903]] &ndash; [[January 5]], [[1941]]) was a famous English ...
    8: ...t year and landed in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] on [[May 24]] after flying 11,00...
    10: ...]] [[1931]], she set the record for flying from [[England]] to [[Japan]] in a [[De Havilland]] [[Puss Moth]...
    12: ...1932]], she set a solo record for the flight from England to [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], also in a Pus...
    18: ... [[De_Havilland_DH.88|De Havilland Comet]] in the England to [[Australia]] air race. Johnson was to divorce...
  52. Phillis Wheatley (3014 bytes)
    5: ...elina, Countess of Huntingdon]] and the [[Earl of Dartmouth]] helped with the publication.
    14: ... by Geo. W. Light, 1834), also by Margaretta Matilda Odell
    15: ...ects, Religious and Moral'' Published in 1773 in England
  53. Jackie Cochran (7825 bytes)
    4: ... age 14 left her home in [[DeFuniak Springs, Florida]], working as a hairdresser until she wound up in...
    12: ...ished Service Medal (USA)|Distinguished Service Medal]].
    16: ... She is the only woman to ever receive the Gold Medal from the [[Federation Aeronautique International...
    18: ..., [[California]], Jacqueline Cochran flew a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[F-86 Sabre]] jet at an average speed...
    20: ...ity in support of an Eisenhower presidential candidacy. The rally was documented on film and Cochran p...
  54. Ada Lovelace (5406 bytes)
    1: [[image:AdaLovelace1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ada Lovelace]]
    2: '''Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace''' ([[December 10]], [...
    6: ...eed of Separation and left England for good a few days later. He never saw either again.
    8: ...Annabella was fond of [[mathematics]] and taught Ada this art at an early stage of her life. She was p...
    10: [[Image:Ada Lovelace.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ada Lovelace]]
  55. Rosalind Franklin (9829 bytes)
    5: ...ioner (effectively governor) for the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Her aunt Helen was married to N...
    9: ... It seemed she had little choice but to return to England.
    12: ...nforming Wilkins of that fact. Wilkins was on holiday when Franklin arrived, and so he returned to fin...
    15: ...and Franklin illuminating their X-ray diffraction data published in the same issue of ''Nature'' suppo...
    18: ...ell have been deliberately exacerbated by John Randall. Watson has stated that Franklin should have di...
  56. Lise Meitner (3907 bytes)
    2: '''Lise Meitner''' ([[November 7]], [[1878]]&ndash;[[October 27]], [[1968]]) was an [[Austria]]n [...
    10: ... completely unexpected; it took some study of the data and creative thinking to free her mind from the...
    12: ...ess Club (USA) in 1946; received the Max Planck Medal of the German Physics Society, 1949.
    14: Meitner died in [[Cambridge]], [[England]] in [[1968]]. Element 109 is named [[meitnerium]...
    17: ..., Max von Laue on the Occasion of their 80th Birthday''. New York: Interscience.
  57. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (3312 bytes)
    3: ...[1836]] &#150; [[17 December]] [[1917]]) was an [[England|English]] physician and [[feminism|feminist]], th...
    5: ...edicine, an unheard-of thing for a woman in those days, regarded by some as almost indecent. Having o...
    7: In 1866 she was appointed general medical attendant to St Mary's Dispensary, a London institution s...
    9: ... medical degree of London University (the present-day [[University College London]]), which was opened...
    11: ...ch Dr Anderson was the indefatigable pioneer in [[England]], extended in her lifetime to every civilized co...
  58. Dorothea Dix (5868 bytes)
    2: '''Dorothea Lynde Dix''' ([[April 4]], [[1802]]&ndash;[[July 17]], [[1887]]) (not to be confused with...
    10: ...arranged to have her sent abroad to recover. In [[England]], she spent a year living on the estate of the R...
    12: ... family-like asylum removed from the pressures of daily life. When she returned to the United states s...
    18: ...like [[Florence Nightingale]] at the same time in England, she used this image to shame the powerful into a...
  59. Florence Nightingale (15657 bytes)
    3: ...|nursing]]. Each year, the [[International Nurses Day]] is celebrated on her birth anniversary.
    11: ...nfirmary]] in [[London]] that became a public scandal, Nightingale became the leading advocate for imp...
    19: ...46]]), a position he would hold again ([[1852]] &ndash; [[1854]]) during the [[Crimean War]]. Herbert ...
    23: ...ctivity, and the [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] foundations of the hospital. While at Kaiserwerth, Flore...
    31: ...arly in November [[1854]]. In [[Scutari]] (modern-day [[ܳk? in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]) Nightingale ...
  60. Clara Schumann (3372 bytes)
    3: ...e Wieck Schumann''' ([[September 13]], [[1819]] &ndash; [[May 20]], [[1896]]), wife of composer [[Rob...
    7: ...rly age with her father, the well-known piano [[pedagogue]] [[Friedrich Wieck]]. She had a brilliant c...
    9: ...s works, but when in [[1856]] she first visited [[England]] the critics received Schumann's music with a ch...
    11: ...bility was considerably rarer than in the present day, she was herself the composer of a few songs and...
    14: ...r violin and piano. Inspired by her husbands birthday, the three Romances were composed in 1853 and de...
  61. Tori Amos (27672 bytes)
    3: ...s probably best known to the wider public for a [[dance]] [[remix]] of "[[Professional Widow]]", her s...
    10: ...nd her difficulty with playing from sheet music &ndash; with Caton, [[Matt Sorum]] (later of [[the Cul...
    13: ...hearing the edited version, and relocated Tori to England to launch the "new" album, which was released und...
    33: ...rgirl Hotel'', but like that album featured overt dance music influences and a relatively subdued pian...
    50: ===''Welcome to Sunny Florida''===
  62. Grace O'Malley (3478 bytes)
    6: ...and]], when [[Henry VIII]] was on the throne of [[England]]. Under the policies of the English government a...
    7: Grace was the daughter of Owen Dubhdarra O' Malley, chieftain of the O'Malley clan. The...
    14: ...ed for centuries in the O' Malley family and is today open to the public. They had one son, Tibbot Bur...
    22: ...minally directing her raids against "enemies of [[England]]". She died in Rockfleet around [[1603]].
  63. Mary, the mother of Jesus (30135 bytes)
    17: ...e cross along with her sister Mary, and [[Mary Magdalene]], [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]] and other wom...
    19: ...ople in the Upper Room after the Ascension on the day of [[Pentecost]], she is one of the handful who ...
    25: ...French, Spanish, and Italian, is rendered ''Notre Dame'', ''Nuestra Se&ntilde;ora'', and ''Madonna'' r...
    27: ...ome Orthodox and Catholic Christians, she was the daughter of [[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anna]]. Bef...
    41: ...too much attention is focused on Mary, there is a danger of detracting from the worship due to God alo...
  64. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (8386 bytes)
    2: ...), better known as '''Helena Blavatsky''' or '''Madame Blavatsky''' was the founder of [[Theosophy]].
    5: ...aine]] (then part of the [[Russian Empire]]), the daughter of [[Colonel|Col.]] Peter Alexeivich von Ha...
    15: ...inspiration from [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Madame Blavatsky claimed that all religions were both ...
    21: ...by Theosophists, and it is called White [[Lotus]] Day.
    54: *''The Esoteric World of Madame Blavatsky'' by Daniel Caldwell [http://esotericworld.net]
  65. Julian of Norwich (1710 bytes)
    1: ...1413]]) is considered to be one of the greatest [[England|English]] [[mystic]]s. Little is known of her li...
  66. Joan of Arc (27453 bytes)
    2: ...le interest in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]]. Many...
    7: ...wn prince]]), and making the infant [[Henry VI of England]] the nominal king after [[1422]].
    12: ...d they gave her male clothing to wear (as the standard disguise used in such circumstances) and brough...
    14: ... small force she eventually led included the legendary soldiers, [[Jean de Dunois|Jean d'Orleans (Coun...
    16: ... said would verify her legitimacy as a visionary&mdash;gained her the support of prominent clergy such...
  67. Denise Bloch (2657 bytes)
    11: ...humously, Britain awarded her the "[[King's Commendation for Brave Conduct]]." In France, posthumous h...
  68. Edith Cavell (1802 bytes)
    3: [[Image:Eca dead2.jpeg|thumb|234px|A propaganda image of Edith Cavell]]
    7: ...se became an important article of British propaganda throughout the war [http://www.stephen-stratford....
  69. Julia Child (8199 bytes)
    2: '''Julia Child''' ([[August 15]], [[1912]] &ndash; [[August 13]], [[2004]]), born '''Julia McWill...
    6: ...ca]] (U.S.), she grew up eating traditional [[New England]] food prepared by the family maid. After graduat...
    28: ...]]'' sketch, she was affectionately parodied by [[Dan Aykroyd]], continuing with a cooking show despit...
    30: ...and Food]] in California with vintner [[Robert Mondavi]] and others to "advance the understanding, app...
    36: ...igned by her husband with high counters to accommodate her height and which served as the set for thre...
  70. Odette Sansom (1906 bytes)
    5: ... in [[Nazi]]-occupied France. She left her three daughters in the care of her husband.
  71. Violette Szabo (2541 bytes)
    3: ...[[Croix de Guerre|CdG]] ([[June 26]], [[1921]] &ndash; [[February 5]]?, [[1945]]) was a [[World War I...
    5: ...e daughter of a [[France|French]] mother and an [[England|English]] father, born '''Violette Bushell''' in ...
    9: ...German communication lines in preparation for [[D-Day]]. However, she was eventually betrayed and arre...
  72. Tallulah Bankhead (6331 bytes)
    4: ...emocrat from Alabama [[1931]]-[[1946]]), and granddaughter of Senator [[John H. Bankhead]] ([[1842]]-[...
    10: ... the [[West End (of London)|West End]]'s -- and [[England]]'s -- best-known celebrities.
    14: Nevertheless, [[David O. Selznick]] called her the "first choice amo...
    24: ...-a-day consumption of [[bourbon whiskey|Old Grand Dad]] -- continued unabated. And behavior that was e...
    61: *[[A Royal Scandal]] (1945)
  73. Ingrid Bergman (5216 bytes)
    1: '''Ingrid Bergman''' ([[August 29]], [[1915]] &ndash; [[August 29]], [[1982]]) was an [[Academy Awar...
    3: ... a dozen films in Sweden, Bergman was signed by [[David O. Selznick]] to star in the remake of [[Inter...
    7: ...rgman was branded as "Hollywood's apostle of degradation." One of Rossellini's and Bergman's children...
    9: ...6 movie)|Anastasia]]'', Bergman made her post-scandal return to Hollywood and won Best Actress for a s...
    13: ...er]] on her birthday in [[1982]] in [[London]], [[England]]. She was cremated in Sweden, her ashes scattere...
  74. Ava Gardner (4142 bytes)
    2: '''Ava Gardner''' ([[December 24]], [[1922]] &ndash; [[January 25]], [[1990]]) was an [[United Stat...
    8: ... She lost to [[Audrey Hepburn]] in ''[[Roman Holiday]]''. Many thought Gardner's greatest performanc...
    12: ...enses. She died of [[pneumonia]] in [[London]], [[England]].
    22: * [[Sunday Punch]] (1942)
    66: * [[55 Days at Peking]] (1963)
  75. Katharine Hepburn (23170 bytes)
    2: ...d her 13th nomination for ''[[Adaptation (movie)|Adaptation]]''. Hepburn won an [[Emmy Award]] in [[1...
    5: ...father was a staunch proponent of publicizing the dangers of [[venereal disease]] in a time when such ...
    7: ...ater be recognized for her athletic physicality &mdash; she fearlessly performed her own pratfalls in ...
    12: ...n and Smith's marriage was rocky from the start &mdash; she insisted he change his name to S. Ogden Lu...
    21: ...zon]] princess in [[The Warrior's Husband]] (an update of ''[[Lysistrata]]''), which debuted to excell...
  76. Vivien Leigh (4286 bytes)
    3: ...he Convent of the Sacred Heart in [[Roehampton]], England, along with fellow actress-to-be [[Maureen O'Sull...
    5: ... [[1932]] to Herbert Leigh Holman, and they had a daughter, Suzanne, in [[1933]].
    7: ... late [[1938]], when filming began. [[Paulette Goddard]] was close to be cast as [[Margaret Mitchell]]...
    24: *''[[Fire Over England]]'' ([[1937]])
    25: *''[[Dark Journey]]'' ([[1937]])
  77. Marilyn Monroe (30186 bytes)
    2: '''Marilyn Monroe''' ([[June 1]], [[1926]] &ndash; [[August 5]], [[1962]]) was an [[United States...
    6: ... her true biological father. The most likely candidate for a while seemed to be [[Charles Stanley Giff...
    8: ...r cruelly, corrected her. After Marilyn's death, Ida claimed that she and Wayne had seriously consider...
    10: ...t never hugged or kissed her, or even smiled. One day, Gladys announced that she had bought a house fo...
    12: ...herty, who would become her first husband. The Goddard family was moving to the [[East Coast of the Un...
  78. Julie Andrews (8700 bytes)
    3: Dame '''Julie Andrews, [[DBE]]''' (born [[October 1]...
    5: ...tarred in [[Rodgers & Hammerstein]]'s television adaptation of ''[[Cinderella]]''.
    7: ...nry Higgins]] in ''[[My Fair Lady]]'' (a musical adaptation of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Pygmalion...
    11: ...s to the decline of the movie musical. Both were damaging to Andrews' subsequent career and, despite ...
    15: ...e a [[Order of the British Empire|DBE]], becoming Dame Julie Andrews. Since then she has been struggli...
  79. Suzanne Lenglen (11495 bytes)
    3: ...ne Rachel Flore Lenglen''' ([[24 May]] [[1899]] &ndash; [[4 July]], [[1938]]) was a [[France|French]] ...
    8: ...hief at various places on the court, to which his daughter had to direct the ball.
    10: ... fought three-set match: 5&ndash;7, 6&ndash;4, 6&ndash;3. That same year she won the International Cla...
    14: ...h points and winning in 10&ndash;8, 4&ndash;6, 9&ndash;7 to take her first Grand Slam victory.
    18: ... with [[Elisabeth d'Ayen]]), and won the bronze medal after their opponents withdrew.
  80. Ellen MacArthur (3652 bytes)
    2: ...[[sailor]] from [[Whatstandwell]] near [[Matlock, England|Matlock]] in [[Derbyshire]], now based in [[Cowes...
    14: ... around one and a quarter hours, after over seven days of sailing.
    16: ...ecord set by French sailor [[Francis Joyon]] by 1 day, 8 hours, 35 minutes, 49 seconds.
    18: ...nder]] of the [[Royal Naval Reserve]] on the same day.
    20: ...record for a single-handed circumnavigation is 71 days 14 hours 18 minutes 33 seconds, during which sh...
  81. Martina Navratilova (16246 bytes)
    9: ...rst professional singles title in [[Orlando, Florida]] in [[1974]].
    33: ...t title came on August 21, [[2005]], at the [[Canada Masters|Rogers Cup]] in [[Toronto]], where she wo...
    63: 1983 Australian Open Kathy Jordan 6-2, 7-6
    164: ...mbledon''', Avon Championships, Oakland, Houston, Dallas, Chicago, Richmond, Atlanta, Phoenix, Brighto...
    167: ...hips, Kansas City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Oakland, Dallas, Amelia Island, Orlando, Montreal, Richmond, ...
  82. African Lily (1955 bytes)
    6: {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Liliopsida]]}}
    24: ...e greenhouse plant and is hardy in the south of [[England]] and [[Ireland]] if protected from severe frosts...
  83. Iris (plant) (13374 bytes)
    6: ...x_classis_entry | taxon = [[monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]}}
    8: {{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Iridaceae]]}}
    9: ...axobox authority|author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]|date = [[1753]]}}
    28: ...species, such as ''I. germanica, fiorenhina, pallida, variegata, amoena, flavescens, sambucina, neglec...
    30: ...To this set belong ''milifolia'', ''junonia'', ''danfordiae'', ''reichenbachii'' and others which flo...
  84. Apple (20408 bytes)
    6: ..._classis_entry | taxon = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]}}
    44: ...Bramley]]': [[Southwell]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[England]] (about 1809)
    58: *'[[Idared]]': [[Idaho]] (1942)
    63: *'[[McIntosh]]': [[Canada]] (1811)
    91: ...rf]] rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold. Full dwarf trees are ofte...
  85. Rose (15436 bytes)
    6: {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Magnoliopsida]]}}
    10: ...box authority | author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]| date = [[1753]] }}
    27: ...d, but a few (e.g. ''Rosa pimpinellifolia'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an out...
    29: ...reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown [[sand]] and so reduce ...
    33: ...originates from [[Persian language|Persian]] *''vrda''- via Greek ''rhodon'' "rose" (Aeolic ''wrodon''...
  86. Locomotive (16705 bytes)
    1: ...]], at [[Bristol Temple Meads]] station, Bristol, England]]
    5: ...ives haul their trains. Increasingly common these days in passenger service is [[push-pull]] operation...
    25: ...] [[4-6-2|Pacific]] locomotive of the [[LNER]] in England, number 4468 ''[[LNER 4468 Mallard|Mallard]]'', w...
    27: ...wo and a half times that of diesel power, and the daily mileage achievable was far lower. As labour co...
    29: ...e in [[China]], where [[coal]] is a much more abundant resource than [[petroleum]] for diesel fuel. In...
  87. Spleen (4479 bytes)
    9: ...e hearts in relation to their body size to accommodate the higher-viscosity blood that results. Some ...
    16: ...wever the organ is called "Milz". In 19th century England women in bad humour were said to be afflicted by ...
  88. Back (949 bytes)
    10: * At [[Cambridge]], in England, '''The Backs''' (in the plural and with a capita...
  89. Beehive (beekeeping) (7741 bytes)
    4: ...onal manufacture of ''skeps'' from [[straw]] in [[England]]]]
    5: ...ally destroyed the hives, though there were some adaptations with extra top baskets which could be rem...
    27: ...h, Langstroth, Modified Commercial and Modified Dadant, top-bar or Kenya-type hives, plus regional var...
    31: ...nted his design in 1860 and it has become the standard style hive for 75% of the world's beekeeping.
    35: Langstroth hives make use of standardized sizes of hive bodies and frames to ensure t...
  90. Renaissance (14795 bytes)
    1: ... revolution]] and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern [[history of Europe|European history]...
    7: ...[Image:Vitruvian.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[Vitruvian Man]], an example of the bl...
    10: ...historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]] ([[1870]]&ndash;[[1937]]), who made a convincing case for a "Re...
    19: ...the [[poet]] [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] ([[1265]]&ndash;[[1321]]), the first writer to embody the spiri...
    21: ...n a period of social rot which he labeled the ''[[Dark Ages]]''. Petrarch saw history as social, art a...
  91. Scientific revolution (17675 bytes)
    1: ...ca]]'' in [[1687]] by [[Isaac Newton]]. These boundaries are not uncontroversial, with some claiming t...
    7: ...es may arise from lack of recognition of these fundamental differences.
    31: ...ar to fill fourteen centuries, and the other candidates are few:
    36: ... extending to the early 17th century, are the raw data on which are built the theoretical studies of h...
    40: ...ts for a means of creating a more accurate [[calendar]] for its activities. For almost two millennia,...
  92. Middle Ages (21063 bytes)
    1: .... The Middle Ages of Western Europe are commonly dated from the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]] (...
    6: ...he migrations has historically been termed the "[[Dark Ages]]" by Western European historians. That te...
    12: ...ul]] and western [[Germany]], and [[Saxons]] in [[England]]. These lands remained Christian, and their [[Ar...
    16: ...feudal nobles. Well known examples of such consolidation include the [[Albigensian Crusade]] and the [...
    18: ...cal obligations, known as [[feudalism]] or the feudal
  93. Medieval art (6359 bytes)
    1: ...f the Holy Wisdom]] in former [[Constantinople]]&mdash;the image of Christ on the walls of the upper s...
    27: ...f artwork was destroyed; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding. After 843...
    29: ...thic]] in England (1332), [[Decorated Gothic]] in England (1285), and [[Flamboyant Gothic]] in France (1370...
    85: **[[Dancing in the Middle Ages]] ([[Dance]])
  94. Mosaic (6524 bytes)
    5: ...c laid in AD 325 at Woodchester, Gloucestershire, England.]]
    18: ...e [[4th century]], wall and ceiling mosaics were adapted to Christian uses. The greatest development o...
    22: ...f Iraq]] the mosaic was replaced with one of [[Saddam Hussein]].
  95. Pottery (17136 bytes)
    8: ... remains of non-literate cultures and help in the dating of some historic cultures as well.
    21: ...y virtually identical plates, vases or bowls in a day. Because of its nature, wheel work can only be u...
    50: ..., as the kiln must be stoked for as long as a few days, but the pieces which emerge often have charact...
    52: The western adaptation of [[Raku]] firing, a traditional [[Japane...
    68: ...nds has been dated, by uncalibrated [[radiocarbon dating]], to around the [[11th millennium BC]], in t...
  96. Sculpture (5545 bytes)
    37: ...e writings, [[Joan Mir󝝠even proposed that some day sculptures might be made of gases; see [[gas scu...
    41: ...x|right|A tree sculpture at Bristol Zoo, Bristol, England. This was sculpted with a chain saw from a standi...
    63: ...Angel Botello]] at ''La Ventana al Mar'', [[El Condado, Puerto Rico]]]]Some of the forms of sculpture ...
    77: ..., through [[Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and the [[Renaissance]] masters, to moder...
    87: ...n body and develop skills that will provide a foundation for making clothed figurative work.
  97. Glass (26176 bytes)
    1: ...was originally, which can be seen in its [[conchoidal]] fracture.
    5: ... will be concerned with a specific type of glass&mdash;the [[silica]]-based glasses in common use as a...
    20: ...s is due to the addition of compounds such as [[soda ash]] (sodium carbonate).
    30: ...he melting point to about 1000 ?C. However, the soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is obviously...
    32: ...ass that absorbs [[UV]] wavelengths (biologically damaging ionizing radiation).
  98. Pre-historic art (9744 bytes)
    15: ... [[Japan]] were the first to develop [[pottery]], dating to the [[11th millennium BC]]. The J&#333;mon...
    17: ...G?li Tepe]] near [[Urfa]] in eastern [[Turkey]], dating to ca. [[10th millennium BC]].
    18: ... at the [[Iron Gorge]], [[Serbia and Montenegro]] date to the [[7th millennium BC]] and represent eith...
    22: ...lands]], in [[Portugal]], and in [[Wiltshire]], [[England]], the area of Stonehenge, the [[Avebury, Wiltshi...
    26: Rock art, showing scenes from the daily life and religious rituals have been found in ...
  99. Heraldry (23465 bytes)
    28: ...of two metals (light tinctures) and five colours (dark tinctures), although there are a number of othe...
    69: ...e custom in English [[blazon]] was to reduce redundancy by referring to a particular tincture only onc...
    92: ...legs), salient (leaping), sejant (sitting) and gardant (looking at the viewer). There are humans as we...
    94: .... Circles are generally called "roundels", but in England instead of being described "a roundel vert", they...
    104: ...xample of a triple fimbriation.[http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Sig/86SignalBattalion.htm]) The fil...
  100. Calligraphy (20084 bytes)
    1: ...D 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. The Bible was hand written in Belgium, by Gerard...
    2: ...Greek language|Greek]] &kappa;&alpha;&lambda;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf; ''kallos'' "beauty" + &gamma;&r...
    8: ...and widely practiced throughout [[China]] to this day. Although it uses Chinese words as its vehicle o...
    12: ..."). All five styles of writing are still in use today.
    18: ...g|right|thumbnail|200px|Chu Sui Liang's ([[595]]&ndash;[[658]]) ''Meng Fa Shi Bei'']]

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