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- Cleopatra VII of Egypt (8634 bytes)
6: ..., brother-husband, and son. However, in all these cases, her co-rulers were king in title only, with h...
9: ...she named her eldest son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV [[Caesarion]] ([[44 BC|44]]–[[30 BC]]).
11: ...). After a short war, Ptolemy XIII was killed and Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with Ptolem...
13: ... boy his heir, naming his grand-nephew [[Augustus Caesar|Octavian]] instead.
15: ...tolemy XIV died mysteriously. Cleopatra then made Caesarion her co-regent. She may have poisoned her b... - Ceramics (15941 bytes)
1: ... explore the history, techniques, cultural significance, and contemporary relevance of ceramics.
8: ==Historical Background==
10: ... advancement, leading to more uniform and sophisticated designs.
12: ...ceramics are famous for their porcelain, a significant export on the Silk Road.
19: - Calligraphy (20084 bytes)
1: ...graphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display i...
2: ...is the art of decorative [[writing]]. A style of calligraphy is described as a ''hand''.
4: ...ncient Roman [[graffiti]] are of interest to both calligraphers and palaeographers.
6: == East Asian calligraphy ==
8: ...ot have to know Chinese to appreciate its beauty. Calligraphy, in essence, is an abstract art. - Greek language (35285 bytes)
13: ... years. It is symbolically divided in four historical periods:
15: ... was the language both of [[Archaic]] and [[Classical]] periods of Greek civilisation. It has been stu...
17: ...blished in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empir...
21: ...directly from [[Koine Greek]], '''Modern Greek''' can be traced in the late [[Byzantine]] period (as e...
25: ''The historical stages of the Greek language that are placed pri... - Definitions of music (17609 bytes)
1: ...nized sound(s). The question of what the art form called music actually consists of is something that ...
4: ...psilon;χνη)) by way of the Latin ''musica''. It is ultimately derived from ''mousa'', the G...
6: Later, in Rome, ''ars musica'' embraced [[poetry]] as well as what we now thin...
8: ...a instrumentalis]]. Of those, only the last - musica instrumentalis - referred to music as performed s...
10: ... be heard - music refers strictly to the mathematical proportions. From this concept later resulted th... - Nile (13738 bytes)
2: ...5|1 134|2 830|3 400 000|[[Africa]]|the [[Mediterranean]]||[[Uganda]] - [[Sudan]] -...
4: ...;نيل ''an-nīl''), in [[Africa]], is one of the two longest [[river|rivers]] on ...
12: ...s far less water than the mighty Amazon, partly because it receives not a single tributary from its ha...
18: [[Image:Nile_boat.jpg|thumbnail|left|East Africa, showing the course of the River Nile]]
20: ... the East African Rift, which is the southern African part of the [[Great Rift Valley]]. - Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...f the [[Earth]], its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shap...
3: ...es]], [[clay]], [[pumice]], [[quartz]], and [[silica]], as well as elements such as [[sulfur]], [[chlo...
5: [[Astrogeology]] refers to the application of geologic principles to other bodies of the...
7: ...istinguish between earthly and [[Theology|theological]] jurisprudence.
10: ...of [[fossil]] [[animal shell|shell]]s in a geological [[stratum]] in a mountain hundreds of miles from... - Papyrus (5819 bytes)
13: ... the roll's length were on one side, all the vertical fibres on the other. Greek texts were written on...
15: ...[[Mount Vesuvius]], but has only been partially excavated.
17: ...the codex form, and in the Gr棯-Roman world it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls in orde...
19: ...cularly in moist climates, and the fact that they can be manufactured anywhere. The latest certain da... - Thebes, Egypt (3900 bytes)
2: ...moved to the [[Nile Delta|Delta]]. Its archaeological remains offer a striking testimony to Egyptian c...
6: ...the names of the temple of [[Karnak]], which is located in the city.
10: ==Important archaeological sites in Thebes==
27: ...nstitut fran硩s d’arch鯬ogie orientale du Caire. (Reprinted Osnabr?tto Zeller Verlag, 1975). 7...
29: ...d University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 384–388. - Aeschylus (5184 bytes)
9: ...ore his death, and makes no mention of his theatrical renown. He chose to commemorate his military ac...
30: In addition, the canon of Aeschylus' plays includes a seventh, ''[[Pr... - Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
4: ...r the Cursed''' due to his burning of the Persian capital and national library.
6: ....” After twelve years of constant military campaigning, Alexander died, probably of [[malaria]]...
11: ... his father descended from [[Heracles]] through [[Caranus]] and his mother descended from [[Aeacus]] t...
14: ...|Pausanias]]), who held a grudge against Philip because the king had ignored a complaint he had expres...
16: ...ial rivals and marched south with his armies in a campaign to solidify control of Greece and confront ... - Pytheas (6447 bytes)
1: ...pher]] and [[exploration|explorer]] from the [[Phocaean]] colony [[Massilia]] (today Marseille). He ma...
4: ... [[tide]]s, and may have discovered that they are caused by the [[Moon]]. This discovery was known to ...
8: ...he [[Garonne]]. Others believe that, to avoid the Carthaginian blockade, he may have stuck close to la...
10: ...ia''. This supports theories that the inhabitants called themselves ''Pretani'' or ''Priteni'', 'Paint...
12: ...ited an island six days sailing north of Britain, called [[Thule (myth)|Thule]]. It has been suggested... - Aristotle (37648 bytes)
10: ...fic importance. Plato can be called, with qualification, an [[idealism|idealist]] and a [[rationalism...
12: ... later. Although he wrote dialogues early in his career, no more than fragments of these have survive...
14: ...rature]] and [[poetry]]. His combined works practically comprise an [[encyclopedia]] of Greek knowledg...
17: ...l]] holding his ''Ethics'': detail from the [[Vatican]] [[fresco]] ''[[Raphael Rooms|The School of Ath...
19: ...heophrastus]] and was later hidden to avoid confiscation or destruction; finally, the manuscripts were... - Mastodon (1620 bytes)
14: ...don (''Mammut americanum'') lived in [[North America]] beginning almost four million years ago, becomi...
16: ...e, if any, the early human settlers of North America played in the [[extinction]] of the mastodon. - Electricity (13894 bytes)
1: ...e electrical effects are discussed under [[electrical phenomenon]] and [[electromagnetism]].
6: ...ge|Greek]] ''ēlektron'' = "[[amber]]", which came from an old [[root (linguistics)|root]] ''ē...
8: ...been alleged to be [[battery (electricity)|electrical batteries]].
10: ...[Leyden jar]], a type of [[capacitor]] for electrical energy in large quantities, was invented at [[Le...
16: ...d by society, in that fundamental units of electrical measurement are named after them. - Julius Caesar (50670 bytes)
1: ...s_caesar.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|Bust of Julius Caesar]]
2: ...man Republic]] into the [[Roman Empire]]. In 55BC Caesar launched the first Roman invasion of [[Britai...
4: ...]] under Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son, [[Caesar Augustus]].
6: ...as [[Suetonius]], [[Plutarch]], and [[Dio Cassius|Cassius Dio]].
9: ...to myth was the son of [[Venus (goddess)|Venus]]. Caesar was raised in the Subura, a lower-class neigh... - Platypus (21900 bytes)
2: ...image = [[Image:Ornithorhynchidae-00.jpg|200px]]| caption = Platypus}}
18: ...ahrenheit|F]]) rather than the 38?C (100.4?F) typical of [[placentalia|placental mammals]]. The extent...
26: ...ing]] that may last for several months. The venom can be lethal to [[dog]]s and smaller [[domestic ani...
41: ...elaborate burrow, while the male takes no part in caring for its young, and retreats to its yearlong b...
44: ...riously impair the victim. That this could be the case is evident from the symptoms of platypus enveno... - Early history of Ireland (30651 bytes)
5: ... the country at this time, though the possibility cannot be discounted entirely.
7: ...he Curran in [[County Antrim]]; and a number of locations in [[Munster]]. It is thought that these set...
9: ...king their food, and they are known to have built canoes from dug-out tree trunks.
14: ... but there is no compelling evidence for a large-scale invasion at this point in Irish history. It is ...
16: ...and the continent, and the population rose significantly. At the [[C驤e Fields]] in [[County Mayo]], ... - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
1: ...974;μη'' in Greek), but that name never came into common use.
3: ...ple), where most gold coins circulating in Europe came from and were associated with.
5: ...that divided Christianity into [[Catholic|Western Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]. Third, the...
7: ...l 12), and then re-captured by [[Nicaean Empire|Nicaean]] forces under the command of [[Michael VIII P...
9: ...public of [[Turkey]] was founded in [[1923]], the capital was moved to [[Ankara]]; Constantinople was ... - Chlorine (10751 bytes)
8: {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffff99 | color2=black }}
14: {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (Cl<sub>2</sub>)<br />33.949 }...
22: {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|79]] }}
30: {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7782-50-5 }}
33: {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=36 | sym=Cl | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|s... - Gold (24329 bytes)
20: | [[Chemical series]]
26: | [[Density]], [[Mohs hardness scale|Hardness]]
37: | [[Atomic radius]] (calc.)
59: ...an="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | '''Physical properties'''
80: | 237 [[Pascal|µPa]] at 1337 K - Aegean Sea (2751 bytes)
3: ...izi''') is an arm of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], located between the Greek peninsula and [[Anatolia]] (...
9: ...e belonging to [[Turkey]] on the Aegean Sea: [[Bozcaada]] and [[G?ada]] . The current status of many s... - Democracy (24363 bytes)
2: ... met a government can be classified as such. This can apply to a multitude of government systems as th...
16: ...he term 'democracy']], some [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] and some realized.
21: ...rship]]s to give a false sense of democracy. This can happen in a variety of different ways:
24: ...rough intimidation of those voting for particular candidates)
25: *or most simply through falsification of the results - Hipparchus (astronomer) (50785 bytes)
2: ...ος'') (circa [[190 BC]] – circa [[120 BC]]) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] [[astronomer]]...
4: ...ooks, only his commentary on the popular astronomical poem by [[Aratus]] has been preserved by later c...
10: ... strong tradition that Hipparchus was born in [[Nicaea]] (Greek ''Νικαί&alpha...
14: ...pparchus must have lived some time after 127 BC because he analyzed and published his latest observati...
20: ...ccurately depicting the constellations: the globe carried by the [[Farnese Atlas]] [Schaefer 2005]. - Hipparchus (50784 bytes)
1: ...ος'') (circa [[190 BC]] – circa [[120 BC]]) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] [[astronomer]]...
3: ...ooks, only his commentary on the popular astronomical poem by [[Aratus]] has been preserved by later c...
9: ... strong tradition that Hipparchus was born in [[Nicaea]] (Greek ''Νικαί&alpha...
13: ...pparchus must have lived some time after 127 BC because he analyzed and published his latest observati...
19: ...ccurately depicting the constellations: the globe carried by the [[Farnese Atlas]] [Schaefer 2005]. - Cyprus (16721 bytes)
7: image_map = LocationCyprus.png |
11: capital = [[Nicosia|Nicosia (pop. 200,686)]] |latd=3...
30: GDP_PPP_per_capita = $ 20,669 |
31: GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = n/a |
42: calling_code = 357 <sup>7</sup> | - Leo (2655 bytes)
2: ...#9804;) lies between dim [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]] to the west and [[Virgo]] to the east.
17: ...into the sky. The Egyptians worshipped the lion because the sun was in this constellation at the time ...
20: ...astronomical constellation and the Hindu astrological sign of the [[Sidereal astrology|sidereal zodiac...
22: ...trology)|domicile]] of the [[Sun]]. Each astrological sign is assigned a part of the body, viewed as t...
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