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- Helium (36603 bytes)
104: ... are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a [[gas]] except in extreme conditions. Extre...
112: ...aning it heats up when allowed to freely expand. Only below its [[Joule-Thomson inversion temperature]...
114: ... [[band system]]s, and HgHe, which is apparently only held together by polarization forces <!-- ref: '...
117: ...T] it is 50 times more compressible than water. Unlike any other element, helium will fail to solidif...
120: ... the lambda point, when it stops boiling and suddenly expands. The rate of expansion decreases below t... - Holmium (7766 bytes)
135: ...um-[[lanthanum]]-[[fluoride]] (YLF) solid state [[laser]]s found in [[microwave]] equipment (which are in...
153: * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/67.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Aluminium (26079 bytes)
66: ...s]] (although its [[electrical conductivity]] is only 60% that of [[copper]], it's lighter in weight a...
70: *[[Powder]]ed aluminium is commonly used for [[silvering]] in [[paint]]. Aluminium f...
74: ...making. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in [[laser]]s for the production of [[coherent light]].
82: ... ordinary clay. He also assured the Emperor that only he, himself, and the Gods knew how to produce th...
97: ... its oxide is an extremely stable compound that, unlike rust on steel, does not flake off. The very re... - Neodymium (12345 bytes)
113: ... concentration of neodymium ions can be used in [[laser]]s for infrared wavelengths (1054-1064 nm), e.g. ...
116: ...[[ion]]s are used in [[active laser medium|active laser media]].
167: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/60.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Neon (6321 bytes)
47: ...re used to make a type of gas [[helium-neon laser|laser]].
66: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/10.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Rubidium (10211 bytes)
204: ...ude the ready availability of inexpensive [[diode laser]] light at the relevant [[wavelength]] and the mo...
216: ... The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered....
222: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/37.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Samarium (10157 bytes)
175: .../sub> crystals for use in optical [[maser]]s or [[laser]]s.
225: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/62.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Silicon (13233 bytes)
44: ...dspar]], [[granite]], [[quartz]] and [[sand]], mainly in the form of [[silicon dioxide]] (also known a...
57: *[[Photonics]] - Silicon can be used in [[laser]]s to produce coherent light with a wavelength of...
93: ...ichlorosilane]] is the silicon compound most commonly used as the intermediate, although [[silicon tet...
95: ...s and deposits additional silicon onto the rods, enlarging them according to [[chemical reaction]]s li...
120: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/14.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Terbium (7841 bytes)
150: ...bes. [[Sodium]] terbium [[borate]] is used as a [[laser]] material that emits [[coherent light]] at 546 n...
188: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/65.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Thulium (8549 bytes)
158: Thulium has been used to create [[laser]]s but high production costs have prevented other...
180: * [http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/69.html Los Alamos National... - Xenon (12457 bytes)
185: ... a color temperature closely approximating noon sunlight and are used in solar simulators, some projec...
222: *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/54.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Ytterbium (10684 bytes)
189: ... form of [[ion]]s in [[active laser medium|active laser media]].
210: * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/70.html Los Alamos National Laborato... - Yttrium (9384 bytes)
152: ... as [[neodymium]] or [[erbium]] in [[infrared]] [[laser]]s.
172: Natural yttrium is composed of only one [[isotope]] (Y-89). The most stable [[radioi... - Cat (30067 bytes)
25: ...all cats have straight [[ear]]s pointing upward. Unlike dogs, flap-eared breeds are very rare. ([[Scot...
45: ...ment or other strong emotions, the gland may suddenly discharge, releasing a foul-smelling brown liqui...
52: ..., cats pose almost no danger to humans—the only hazard is the possibility of infection (or, rare...
55: ...this contrasts with domesticated dogs, which commonly are fed a mixture of meat and vegetable products...
62: ...in [[sand]]y places. They are able to remain motionless for long periods of time, especially when obse... - Physics (25628 bytes)
60: ...[[Diffraction]], [[Electromagnetic radiation]], [[Laser]], [[Polarization]], [[Spectral line]]
149: ...heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment. One is quantum electrodynamics, and th... - Solar cell (27643 bytes)
1: ...nction]] [[diode]], which, in the presence of [[sunlight]] is capable of generating usable [[electrica...
27: ...substrate is coated with the desired layers and a laser scribe is then used to delineate individual cells...
51: ...i atoms do. However, because group 13 atoms have only 3 valence electrons, and group 15 atoms have 5 v...
58: A photon only needs to have energy greater than the band gap e...
68: ... holes is opposite, [[conventional current]] may only flow in one direction. - Irrigation (13719 bytes)
2: ...grow crops. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is sometimes referred to as [...
13: ...to shunt it from one set of ditches to another. Unless the field is small or very level, parts of it ...
18: ...though it may be more cost effective to use them only for animal pasturage).
22: ...eased water pressure. This type of system is commonly used in lawns, golf courses, cemeteries, parks, ...
24: ...5 to 1.9 inches (10 to 50 mm). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applicat...
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