Togo
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The Togolese Republic is a country in West Africa, bordering Ghana in the west, Benin in the east and Burkina Faso in the north. In the south, it has a short Gulf of Guinea coast, on which the capital Lomé is located.
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| National motto: Travail, Liberté, Patrie (French: Work, Liberty, Homeland) | ||||
| Missing image LocationTogo.png image:LocationTogo.png | ||||
| Official language | French | |||
| Capital | Lomé | |||
| President | [[Faure Gnassingb靝 | |||
| Prime Minister | Edem Kodjo | |||
| Area - Total - % water | Ranked 122nd 56,785 km² 4.2 | |||
| Population - Total - Density | Ranked 106th 5,556,812 (2002) 98/km² | |||
| Independence - Date | From France April 27, 1960 | |||
| Currency | CFA franc | |||
| Time zone | UTC | |||
| National anthem | Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers) | |||
| Internet TLD | .tg | |||
| Calling Code | 228 | |||
| Contents |
History
Main Article: History of Togo
No one is quite sure what was happening in Togo before the Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century. Various tribes moved into the country from all sides - the [[Ew靝 from Nigeria and Benin and the Mina and Guin from Ghana. All of them settled on the coast. When the slave trade began in earnest in the 16th century, several of the tribes - especially the Mina - became agents for the European traders, travelling inland to buy slaves from the Kaby頡nd other northern tribes. Denmark staked a claim on Togo in the 18th century, but in 1884, Germany signed a deal with a local king, Mlapa, and 'Togoland' became a German colony. The Germans brought scientific cultivation to the country's main export crops (cacao, coffee and cotton) and developed its infrastructure to the highest level in Africa. Still in 1914, Togo was occupied by French and British forces. Togo was split between the British and the French by League of Nations mandates after World War I ended in 1918.
During the colonial period, the Mina grew in political and economic influence by virtue of their coastal position and long association with Europeans. The Ew鬠by contrast, were divided with the dissection of Togoland, and political groups on both sides began to agitate for reunification. Hopes for unity were dashed when British Togoland voted to be incorporated into Ghana, then on the brink of independence. After the expiration of the French-administered UN trusteeship on April 27, 1960, the French side declared its independence, with French Togoland becoming Togo.
In 1963, Togo became the first country on the continent to experience a military coup following independence (Africa has averaged at least two a year since then, plus many more unsuccessful attempts). President Sylvanus Olympio, who took office as soon as Togo gained independence in 1960, was overthrown by 626 Togolese veterans of the French army. When Olympio refused to allow the veterans, many of whom had fought in Indochina and Algeria, to join Togo's army, they deposed him in a military coup on January 13, 1963. He was killed the next day, shot by Sgt. Etienne Eyadema. Olympio's brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky, returned from exile and was put in charge, but he too was deposed in January 1967 by then Lt Colonel (later General) ɴienne Eyad魡 who became president. Since then, despite the fa硤e of multiparty rule instituted in the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated by the military, which has maintained its power continuously since 1967 and is loyal to Eyad魡 and his family.
Eyad魡 set out to unify the country, insisting on one trade union confederation and one political party. After nearly losing his life in a plane crash that he (at least publicly) chalked up to an assassination attempt, Eyad魡 nationalised the country's phosphate mines and ordered all Togolese to take an African name. He renamed himself Gnassingb項yad魡.
It was, however, only a perfunctory strike against colonialism: Togo remained heavily dependent on the West. From the late 1960s to 1980, Togo experienced a booming economy, built largely on its phosphate reserves, and Eyad魡 tried to mould the country into a traveller's and investor's paradise. His plans proved overly ambitious, and when the recession of the early 1980s hit and phosphate prices plummeted, Togo's economy fell into ruin. The government was plagued by numerous coup attempts. Eyad魡 himself fired many of the shots that killed 13 attackers in a 1986 coup.
In the early 1990s, the international community began putting pressure on Eyad魡 to democratise, a notion he resisted with a few waves of his trademark iron fist. Pro-democracy activists - mainly southern Mina and Ew頭 were met with armed troops, killing scores of protesters in several clashes. The people of France and Togo were furious, and under their backlash Eyad魡 gave in. He was summarily stripped of all powers and made president in name only. An interim prime minister was elected to take over command, but not four months later his residence was shelled with heavy artillery by Eyad魡's army. Their hardball tactics continued into 1993.
Terror strikes against the independent press and political assassination attempts became commonplace, while the promised 'transition' to democracy came to a standstill. The opposition continued to call general strikes, leading to further violence by the army and the exodus of hundreds of thousands of southerners to Ghana and Benin. Using intimidation tactics and clever political machinations that disqualified one opposition party and caused another to refuse to participate, Eyad魡 won the 1993 presidential elections with more than 96% of the vote. In the years following, opposition parties have lost most of their steam and Eyad魡's control has become almost as firm as before the crisis began.
In August 1996, Prime Minister Edem Kodjo resigned, and the planning minister, Kwassi Klutse, was appointed prime minister. Eyad魡 won another five-year term in June 1998 with 52% of the vote, nearly being defeated by Gilchrist Olympio, son of Sylvanus Olympio. Later investigations revealed widespread human rights abuses.
In 2002, in what critics called a 'constitutional coup', the national assembly voted unanimously to change the constitution and allow Eyad魡 to 'sacrifice himself again' and run for a third term during the 2003 presidential elections. The constitutional change eliminated presidential term limits. Meanwhile, Gilchrist Olympio's attempts to beat the man who overthrew his father were scuppered yet again when he was banned from running on a tax-law technicality.
Despite allegations of electoral fraud, Eyad魡 won 57% of the votes in the 2003 elections, which international observers from the African Union described as generally free and transparent. For many Togolese, there was little optimism for the future and a prevailing sense of d骠 vu as Eyad魡 extended his record as Africa's longest-serving ruler.
On February 5 2005, Eyad魡 died of a heart attack. Shortly afterwards, his son [[Faure Gnassingb靝 was named by Togo's military as the country's leader, raising numerous eyebrows. The constitution of Togo declared that in the case of the president's death, the speaker of Parliament takes his place, and has 60 days to call new elections. However, on February 6th, Parliament retroactively changed the Constitution, declaring that Faure would hold office for the rest of his father's term, with elections deferred until 2008.
The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d'鴡t. [1] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4241001.stm) International pressure came also from the United Nations. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which four people died. In response, Gnassingb頡greed to hold elections in April 2005. On February 25, Gnassingb頲esigned as president, soon after accepting nomination to run for the office in April. Parliament designated Deputy Speaker Bonfoh Abbass as interim president until the inauguration of the election winner. [2] (http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL) On May 3, 2005, Gnassingb頷as sworn in as the new president garnering 60% of the vote according to official results.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Togo
Togo is located in Western Africa. It is a small sub-Saharan nation. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south. Ghana lies to the west, Benin to the east. To the north Togo is bound by Burkina Faso.
In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savannah in contrast to the centre of the country which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a plateau which reaches to a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The land size is a little bit smaller than West Virginia with 21 927 mi2, with a density of 232 people/mi2.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Togo
This small Sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition.
Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays), and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid, along with depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Assuming no deterioration of the political atmosphere, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2000 - 2001.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Togo
Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President Eyadéma, who ruled Togo under a one-party system for nearly 25 of his 37 years in power, died February 5, 2005. Under the constitution, the speaker of parliament, Fambar頏uattara Natchaba, should have become president, pending a new election. Nevertheless, the army announced that Eyadéma's son [[Faure Gnassingb靝, also known as Faure Eyadéma, who had been the communications minister, would succeed him. The stated justification was that Natchaba was out of the country. [3] (http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1107659938613). The government also moved to remove Natchaba as speaker [4] (http://www.republicoftogo.com/fr/news/news.asp?rubID=4&srubID=75&themeID=1&newsID=9170) and replace him with Faure Gnassingbé, who was sworn in on February 7, 2005, despite the international criticism of the succession. [5] (http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/afp/20050207/wl_afp/togopolitics_050207180309)
Gnassingb頲esigned on February 25 after controversy erupted over his succession, and ran as a candidate for the presidency. On April 24, 2005, Gnassingb頷as elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. See the History section of this article for details.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Togo
See also: Music of Togo, List of writers from Togo
See also
- Demographics of Togo
- Communications in Togo
- Transportation in Togo
- Military of Togo
- Foreign relations of Togo
- List of cities in Togo
- List of former German colonies
References
This article incorporates information from The World Factbook, which is in the public domain.
External links
Government
- Republic of Togo (http://www.republicoftogo.com/) official site (French)
- National Assembly of Togo (http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/) official site (French)
News
- AllAfrica.com - Togo (http://allafrica.com/togo/) news headline links
- IFEX - Togo (http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/65/) alerts, news articles and dossiers
Overviews
- BBC News Country Profile - Togo (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm)
- CIA World Factbook - Togo (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/to.html)
Directories
- LookSmart - Togo (http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065674/us559960/) directory category
- Open Directory Project - Togo (http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Togo/) directory category
- Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Togo (http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/togo.html) directory category
- University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: Togo (http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Togo.html) directory category
- Yahoo! - Togo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Togo/) directory category
Tourism
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