Tathagatagarbha doctrine
|
|
| Missing image Dharma_wheel_1.png Dharma wheel Buddhism |
| Culture |
| History |
| List of topics |
| People |
| By region and country |
| Schools and sects |
| Temples |
| Terms and concepts |
| Texts |
| Timeline |
The Tathagatagarbha doctrine (tathāgatagarbha) teaches that each sentient being contains the effulgent Buddhic element or potential to become a Buddha. "Tathagata-garbha" means "Buddha Womb/ Buddha Matrix" or "Buddha Embryo", and this notion is explicated by the Buddha in the "Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra" as the "True Self" within all sentient beings - the unconditioned, boundless, nurturing, sustaining, deathless and diamond-like Self of Buddha, which is indiscernible to worldly, unawakened vision as a result of the masses of negative mental states and general moral taints which envelop it. Tathagata is one of the ten epithets for a Buddha. The Tathagatagarbha doctrine arose with the Mahayanists and later became linked with those who were associated to some degree or another with Yogacara studies, aiming clearly to account for the possibility of the attainment of Buddhahood by ignorant sentient beings (the "Tathagatagarbha" is the indwelling "bodhi" - Awakening - in the very heart of Samsara). Three of the most important early texts for the introduction of this doctrine are the Tathagatagarbha Sutra, the Śrīmālā-sūtra and the Awakening of Faith; the "Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra" and the Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa sutra are also vital texts for a fuller understanding of "Tathagatagarbha" teaching. The Tathagatagarbha doctrine is closely related to that of the notion of Buddha-nature; indeed, in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, which is the lengthiest sutra dealing with the immanent and transcendent presence of the Tathagatagarbha within all beings, the terms "Buddha-nature" ("Buddha-dhatu") and "Tathagatagarbha" are presented as essentially synonymous.
Caution is required with this doctrine, so that one does not construe the Tathagatagarbha as a form of tangible, worldly, changeable, personalised, desire-driven "ego" on a grand scale, similar to the "fictitious self" comprised of the five mundane skandhas (impermanent mental and physical constituents of the unawakened being). The Tathagatagarbha is indicated by the relevant sutras to be the ultimate, pure, ungraspable, irreducible, invulnerable, true and deathless Quintessence of the Buddha's liberating Reality, the very core of his highest being (Dharmakaya). The Tathagatagarbha is the hidden Buddhic Self (Atman), untouched by all impurity and grasping ego.
| Contents |
Tathagatagarbha in Zen
In modern-Western manifestations of the Zen Buddhist tradition, it is considered insufficient simply to understand Buddha-nature intellectually. Rather it must be experienced and felt directly, in one's entire mind and body together. Enlightenment in a certain sense consists of a direct experience of one's authentic identity, which is traditionally described as śūnyata (emptiness), the ultimate reality of Buddha-nature.
The Zen tradition often uses parables to try to explain the Buddha-nature: according to one story, a monk once approached the Zen master Chao-chou (Japanese: Jōshū) and asked him, "Does a dog possess Buddha-nature or not?" Chao-chou replied with the one-word answer "W" (pronounced "mu" in Japanese). His response, which among other things constitutes a negative term and the sound of a dog barking, indicated that the question could not be answered with a straightforward assertion or negation. Rather, through the contemplation of the question, or the absurdity of it, one may perhaps gain an experience of Buddha-nature directly.
Buddha-bots
Buddha-nature (Awakened-nature) has been connected in recent decades with the developments of robotics and the possible eventual creation of artificial intelligence. In the 1970s, the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori popularized the idea that robots, under certain conditions, may possess Buddha-nature. Mori has since founded an institute to study the metaphysical implications of such technology.
The implication or the question is, can a perfect simulation of intelligent outward behaviour really light the inner spark of a self-aware consciousness principle in an artificial entity? Given the doctrine of anatman, is there any difference between the subjective experiences of a robot that acts intelligent and an animal that is intelligent?
Texts
Key texts associated with this doctrine are the Tathagatagarbha Sutra which contains a series of very striking, concrete images for what the Tathagatagarbha is, The Lion's Roar Discourse of Queen Srimala, which states that this doctrine is ultimate (not provisional or "tactical"), as well as the "Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra", which likewise insists that the tathagatagarbha teaching is "uttarottara" - utterly supreme.
See also
- Tathagatagarbha Sutra
- Buddha-nature
- Mahaparinirvana Sutra
- Srimala Sutra
- Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa
- God in Buddhism
External links
- http://www.nirvanasutra.org.uk "Nirvana Sutra": full text of "Nirvana Sutra", plus appreciation of its teachings.
- The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha' : A Positive Expression Of 'Sunyata' (http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/ebdha191.htm)
- The Lion's Roar of Queen Srimala Discourse (http://www.purifymind.com/SrimalaDeviSutra.htm) English translation.
- Digital Dictionary of Buddhism: Entry on Tathagatagarbha (http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=如來藏) (log in with userID "guest")
- Tathāgatagarbha Thought: A Basis of Buddhist Devotionalism in East Asia (http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/211.pdf) (pdf file), Kiyota Minoru, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, June-September 1985, v12, n2-3, pp. 207-229
- The Tathāgatagarbha Theory Reconsidered: Reflections on Some Recent Issues in Japanese Buddhist Studies (http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/559.pdf)(pdf file), Takasaki Jikid, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Spring 2000, v27, n1-2, pp 73-83