Stanhopea
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Stanhopea (Frost ex Hooker 1829) is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) (subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Maxillarieae, subtribe Stanhopeinae) from Central and South America.
The genus is named for the 4th Earl of Stanhope (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837).
These epiphytic, but occasionally terrestrial orchids can be found in damp forests from Mexico to NW Argentine.
Their ovate pseudobulbs carry from the top one long, plicate, elleptic leaf.
It is noted for its complex and usually fragrant flowers that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pended inflorescences are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for them to flower through. They are sometimes called aptly upside-down orchids.
Most Stanhopea flowers flash a prominent, elegant horn, except S. annulata, S. avicula, S. cirrhata, S. ecornuta and S. pulla. A few have only a short horn : S. candida, S. grandiflora, S. reichenbachiana, S. tricornis and the hybrid S. x herrenhusana. These exceptions are called "primitive Stanhopea species".
Stanhopea wardii is a master in deceiving insects. Through scent generated in the hypochile, it attracts male euglossine bees (also called orchid bees or long-tongued bees). When the bee touches down on the flower, an intoxicating chemical agent makes the bee glide down on the slippery lip into the flower. The long column is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up pollinia. When leaving the flower, the pollinia are deposited on the stigma.
The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation.
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Species
- Stanhopea anfracta (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia).
- Stanhopea annulata (S. Colombia to Ecuador).
- Stanhopea avicula (Panama).
Stanhopea-grandiflora.jpg
- Stanhopea candida (S. Trop. America).
- Stanhopea carchiensis (Colombia to Ecuador).
- Stanhopea cirrhata (C. America).
- Stanhopea connata (Colombia to Peru).
- Stanhopea costaricensis (C. America)
- Stanhopea deltoidea (Peru to Bolivia).
- Stanhopea dodsoniana (NC. & S. Mexico).
- Stanhopea ecornuta (C. America).
- Stanhopea embreei (Ecuador).
- Stanhopea florida (Ecuador to Peru).
- Stanhopea frymirei (Ecuador).
- Stanhopea gibbosa (C. America).
- Stanhopea grandiflora (Trinidad to S. Trop. America).
- Stanhopea graveolens (Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina).
- Stanhopea greeri (Peru).
- Stanhopea haseloviana (N. Peru).
- Stanhopea hernandezii (C. & SW. Mexico).
- Stanhopea impressa (Colombia to Ecuador).
- Stanhopea inodora (Mexico - Chiapas) to C. America).
- Stanhopea intermedia (SW. Mexico).
- Stanhopea jenischiana (W. South America).
- Stanhopea lowii (Colombia).
Stanhopea-tigrina.jpg
- Stanhopea maculosa (W. Mexico).
- Stanhopea madouxiana (Colombia).
- Stanhopea maduroi (Panama).
- Stanhopea martiana (SW. Mexico).
- Stanhopea napoensis (Ecuador).
- Stanhopea nigripes (Peru).
- Stanhopea nigroviolacea (Mexico - Veracruz, Hidalgo).
- Stanhopea novogaliciana (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco).
- Stanhopea oculata (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)
- Stanhopea ospinae (Colombia).
- Stanhopea panamensis (Panama).
- Stanhopea peruviana (Peru).
- Stanhopea platyceras (Colombia)
- Stanhopea pozoi (Ecuador to Peru).
- Stanhopea pseudoradiosa (SW. Mexico).
- Stanhopea pulla (Costa Rica to Colombia).
- Stanhopea quadricornis (Guatemala).
- Stanhopea radiosa (W. Mexico).
- Stanhopea reichenbachiana (Colombia).
- Stanhopea ruckeri (Mexico to C. America).
- Stanhopea saccata (Mexico -Chiapas to C. America).
- Stanhopea schilleriana (C. America).
- Stanhopea shuttleworthii (Colombia).
- Stanhopea stevensonii (Colombia).
- Stanhopea tigrina (Mexico).
- Stanhopea tricornis (W. South America).
- Stanhopea wardii (C. America to Venezuela).
- Stanhopea warszewicziana (Costa Rica).
- Stanhopea xytriophora (Peru to Bolivia).
Natural hybrids
- Stanhopea × fowlieana.(S. costaricensis × S. ecornuta) (Costa Rica).
- Stanhopea × herrenhusana (S. reichenbachiana × S. tricornis) (Colombia).
- Stanhopea × horichiana (Costa Rica).
- Stanhopea × lewisae (S. ecornuta × S. inodora) (Guatemala).
- Stanhopea × thienii (S. annulata × S. impressa) (Ecuador).
Reference
- Rudolf Jenny (Dec 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
- Rudolf Jenny (Dec. 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.,
External link
The Stanhopea Pages website (http://www.houstonorchidsociety.org/Stanhopea).