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- Industrial Revolution (30001 bytes)
1: ...th century enabled the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.
3: ...pment of [[Electric power|electrical power generation]].
5: ...s and is often compared to the [[Neolithic revolution]], when mankind developed [[agriculture]] and ga...
7: The term industrial ''revolution'' was introduced by [[Friedrich Engels]] and [[L...
10: ...century. But one of the main causes was the invention of the steam engine. - Sophia Loren (9622 bytes)
7: ...a Villani" or "Sofia Lazzaro' and took part in regional beauty contests, were she won several prizes a...
9: ..., her acting career took off upon meeting [[Vittorio De Sica]] and [[Marcello Mastroianni]] in [[1954]...
11: ...with a five-picture contract with [[Paramount Studios]]. Among her films at this time: ''[[Desire Unde...
13: ...] festivals' best performance prizes, the distinction of being the first actor to win a major category...
15: ... Kong]]'' with [[Marlon Brando]], and ''[[The Millionairess]]'' with [[Peter Sellers]], with whom she ... - Actinium (7046 bytes)
12: <div align="right"><small>[[Periodic table (standard)|Full table]]</small></div>
22: ...p|Group]], [[periodic table period|Period]], [[periodic table block|Block]]
23: | [[group 3 element|3 ]], [[period 7 element|7]], [[f-block|f]]
41: | [[Electron configuration]]
47: | [[Oxidation state]]s ([[Oxide]]) || 3 (neutral) - Pulmonary alveolus (8193 bytes)
1: ...e spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles and are the primary sites of [[gas exchange]] ...
8: ... that secrete surfactant to lower the surface tension
10: ...heir spherical shape, small size, and surface tension. Phospholipids, which are called surfactants, an...
16: ...lso excreted through the lungs, due to humidification of inspired air by the lung tissues.
18: ... blood leaves the alveolar capillaries are 'perfusion limited'. - Ceramics (15941 bytes)
1: ... dates back thousands of years, involves the creation of objects from clay and other ceramic materials...
3: ...|Illustration of a man working in his pottery studio]]
5: ==Introduction==
7: ...tiles and modern sculptures, reflecting both functional and aesthetic purposes.
10: - Earth (30908 bytes)
7: ...net [[Age of the Earth|formed]] around 4.57 [[billion]] (4.57×10<sup>9</sup>) [[year]]s ago and ...
14: ...ter of approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth (the s...
17: ...[magnetosphere|magnetic field]] due to the convection of its electrically conductive material.
19: ... oldest parts of the crust are as much as 4.4 billion (4.4×10<sup>9</sup>) years old [http://spa...
21: Taken as a whole, the Earth's composition by mass [http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/er.cgi?s=er... - Volcano (27295 bytes)
1: ...ge:Volcano2.jpg|thumb|225px|left|Volcano Illustration provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classro...
2: ...cs|continental plates]]. However, important exceptions exist in '''[[hotspot (geology)|hotspot volcano...
9: [[Image:Mauna loa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Eruption of [[Mauna Loa]], March [[1984]]]]
16: *Smaller versions of the "lava shield" include the '''lava dome''...
18: ...he vent. These can be relatively short-lived eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill perhaps 30 to 3... - Timeline of invention (28171 bytes)
1: This is a chronological list of [[invention]]s.
3: ...the first practical, fielded version of the invention is used here.
30: * [[Irrigation]] in the [[Fertile Crescent]]
48: ** [[Fermentation]] to produce [[beer]] in [[Sumeria]]
54: * [[Spoke|Spoked]] wheel [[chariot]] in the [[Ancient Near East|Middle East]] - Astronomy (13970 bytes)
1: ...origins]], [[Galaxy formation and evolution|evolution]], and [[Astrophysics|physical]] and [[chemical]...
5: ...rs in general are correlated to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky -- although ...
7: ==Divisions of astronomy==
8: ...ndependent disciplines anymore. Motions and positions of objects are now more easily determined, and ...
10: ...ainly with figuring out the observational implications of different models, and involves working with ... - Comet (30542 bytes)
3: ...], [[methane]] and [[water]] with [[dust]] and various [[mineral]] aggregates mixed in.
5: ...onsisting of debris left over from the [[condensation]] of the [[solar nebula]]; the outer edges of su...
9: ...an the Sun, and the tails can extend over 150 million km (1 [[Astronomical unit]]) or more.
11: ...o be visible with the naked eye. Before the invention of the telescope, comets seemed to appear out of...
15: ... objects known to exist in the solar system. The Giotto probe found that [[Comet Halley]]'s nucleus re... - Frost (2825 bytes)
4: ...contact with the air are chilled below the deposition point (see [[dew point|frost point]]), then [[sp...
6: ...ndoor air, otherwise water would first [[condensation|condense]] in small [[droplet]]s and then freeze...
8: ...level. This is known as Surface Temperature Inversion, and explains why frost is more common and exten...
10: ...y still form due to the surface temperature inversion -- where the temperature at ground level is cold...
12: ...at triggering frost formation, raising the nucleation temperature to about -1 °C. In the absence ... - Meteorology (19082 bytes)
3: ...], [[water vapor]], and the gradients and interactions of each variable, and how they change in time. ...
10: ...] around the moon, without bothering with explanations.
12: ...] in [[1607]], followed by [[Torricelli]]'s invention of the [[barometer]] in [[1643]]. The dependence...
14: ...ep accurate and detailed records of weather conditions on a daily basis, and was one of the first Amer...
16: ...ecting force was named after [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis]], who had published in 1835 on the energy yie... - Mercury (planet) (22924 bytes)
1: ...scope]]s rarely examine it (the greatest [[elongation]] is 28.3?). Mercury has no [[natural satellite]...
3: ...ng closely associated with the greek sun god [[Helios]]. [[Pythagoras]] is credited for pointing out t...
8: ...ttp://www.answers.com/topic/mercury-in-roman-religion-planet-nearest-to-the-sun answers.com])
10: ...ly about 11 K (with respect only to [[solar radiation]]; not [[climate]] or [[season]]). The sunlight ...
12: ...acts and/or gases arising from the planetary interior. - Cloud (9947 bytes)
5: ...r [[ice]] crystals that, when surrounded with billions of other droplets or crystals, are visible as c...
7: ... than water, depending on local atmospheric conditions (what gases are present, and the temperature).
9: == Cloud formation and properties ==
11: ...4ak.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A variety of cloud formations.]]
18: ... keeping small droplets suspended. As well, conditions inside a cloud are not static: water droplets a... - Cirrus cloud (3505 bytes)
13: == Formation ==
15: ...e and wind shear, or by upper-tropospheric convection. Sometimes they are like blown out ice-crystals ...
20: ...pics, these thunderstorms occasionally produce copious amounts of cirrus from their anvils.[18] High-a... - Precipitation (meteorology) (2923 bytes)
2: ...form, and increasing the probability of precipitation.
4: ==Orographic precipitation==
6: ...de as moisture is removed by orographic precipitation, leaving drier air (see [[katabatic wind]]) on t...
8: ...0 to 30 inches (500 to 750 mm) per year, and interior uplands receiving over 100 inches (2.5 m) per ye...
10: ==Convectional rainfall== - Tropical cyclone (34538 bytes)
1: ... Ivan]] viewed from the [[International Space Station]], [[September 2004]]. [[NASA]] photo by [[Edwa...
6: ...] system, which moves heat from the equatorial region toward the higher latitudes.
9: ... cyclone is the release of the [[heat of condensation]] from water vapor condensing at high altitudes....
11: ...ist long enough, they can combine to produce the violent winds, incredible waves, torrential rains and...
13: ...ides the atmospheric moisture needed. The evaporation of this moisture is driven by the high winds and... - Fog (4764 bytes)
3: ...ing on how the cooling that caused the [[condensation]] occurred:
5: ...[[turbulence]] can promote a thicker layer. Radiation fog is common in [[autumn]] and usually does not...
7: ...when moist air passes over cool ground by [[advection]] ([[wind]]) and is cooled. This form is most co...
9: ...m fog is most common in [[polar region|polar]] regions, and around deeper and larger [[lakes]] in late...
13: ... forms as [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] falls into drier air below the cloud, the liqu... - Venus (planet) (31010 bytes)
1: ...the two are very similar in size and bulk composition. Although all planets' [[planetary orbit|orbits]...
3: ...tion from Earth as the Sun (the greatest [[elongation]] is 47.8?), so on Earth it can usually only be ...
5: ...and [[Moon]]. Its symbol is a stylized representation of the goddess Venus's hand mirror: a circle wit...
7: ...eal]]'', is avoided because of its modern association with [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Some as...
14: ...e its extremely slow rotation (less than one rotation per Venerean year; at the equator, Venus's surfa... - Mars (27704 bytes)
2: ...ea-PIA00161 modest.jpg|thumb|right|North Polar region with icecap. (Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech.)]]
6: ...ing out from behind it), is a stylized representation of the god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]' shield and...
11: ... methane concetration of about 10 [[Parts per million|ppb]] (see [[#references|reference]]).
13: ...hile volcanic methane is accompanied by [[sulfur dioxide]].
18: ...e planet from [[cosmic radiation]]. Other explanations have also been proposed.
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