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- Lymphatic system (6229 bytes)
1: ...ssues). The lymphatic system transports infection-fighting cells called [[lymphocytes]], is involved i...
4: ...sels are alike veins. Lymph originates as [[blood plasma]] lost from the [[capillary]] beds of the [[circu...
19: ...e lymphatics. Thus, the spleen has importance in fighting infections that have invaded the blood.
25: ...rium|bacteria]] and [[virus]]es. When the body is fighting an infection, these lymphocytes multiply ra... - Immune system (14564 bytes)
6: ... has not been protected, and gets degraded by the first enzyme. While study of the bacterial immune sy...
11: ...lem, and a variety of mammal disorders ([[immunodeficiency]] and [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmunity]])...
15: ...atibility complex]] (MHC). These proteins have configurations and [[amino acid]] sequences that are un...
18: ...nce of [[chondrichthyes]] (cartilaginous or jawed fish).
23: ...ster-acting innate immune system. Innate immunity fights pathogens using defenses that are quickly mob... - Kidney (12846 bytes)
3: ..., along with [[water]], as [[urine]]. The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases affectin...
20: ...rrent exchange|countertransport]] mechanisms. The final solution is then excreted as [[urine]].
22: A nephron consists of an initial filtering component called the [[renal corpuscle]] (...
24: ...g Bowman's capsule wall to produce the glomerular filtrate, which enter the kidney tubule. Blood leave...
26: The Bowman's capsule contains a fluid-filled space called "Bowman's space", which is separ... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...uding detoxification, [[glycogen]] storage and [[plasma protein]] synthesis. It also produces [[bile]], w...
20: ...g left of these is the left lobe), the transverse fissure (or ''porta hepatis'') divides the caudate f...
45: ... ductus venosus are completely obliterated two to five days postpartum; the former becomes the [[ligam...
48: :''to be filled in''-->
61: ...roduces [[coagulation factors]] [[fibrinogen|I]] (fibrinogen), [[thrombin|II]] (prothrombin), [[factor... - Connective tissue (1646 bytes)
4: ... in place, and has a variety of [[protein]]aceous fibers, including [[collagen]] and [[elastin]].
5: * [[Fibrous connective tissue]] forms [[ligament]]s and ...
7: ... extracellular matrix of [[blood]] is the [[blood plasma]], which transports dissolved [[nutrient]]s, [[ho...
12: ...syndrome]] - a genetic disease causing abnormal [[fibrillin]].
13: * [[Scurvy]] - caused by a dietary deficiency in [[vitamin C]], leading to abnormal [[col... - Science (19868 bytes)
6: ... empirical results that can be checked and [[Falsifiability|possibly contradicted]].
8: In contrast, [[scientific realism]] defines science in terms of [[ontology]]: science atte...
10: ...ientific hypotheses can only be falsified ([[falsification]]).
12: ...to govern human affairs. Because of their close affiliation, the terms "positivism" and "empiricism" a...
15: ...t involve verification or falsification of scientific theories. Moreover, he demonstrated that science... - Acrosome (814 bytes)
4: ...'''; also, the acrosomal vesicle fuses with the [[plasma membrane]] of the egg cell, and digestive enzymes... - Chemistry (12553 bytes)
9: ...eral main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry.
21: ; Other fields : [[Astrochemistry]], [[Atmospheric chemistry...
28: ...r naming [[chemical compound]]s. There are well-defined systems in place for naming chemical species. ...
47: A [[Chemical compound]] is a substance with a ''fixed ratio'' of [[element]]s which determines the c...
66: ... the phase. The [[phase | phase of matter]] is defined by the ''phase transition'', which is when ene... - Solar system (21174 bytes)
7: *The [[Sun]] (☉) is a [[Stellar_classification|spectral class]] G2 [[star]] that contains ...
20: ... System, accompanied by their main satellites, profiled against the limb of the Sun]]
23: *Artificial [[satellite]]s orbiting the planets, mainly E...
25: **[[Space debris]] of artificial origin that can be found in orbit around Eart...
26: ...are sub-planetary bodies that accreted during the first years of the Solar System and that no longer e... - Sun (20830 bytes)
39: | [[1 E18 m²|6.09]] [[scientific notation|×]] 10<sup>12</sup> [[square kilo...
128: ... a [[main sequence]] star, with a [[Stellar_classification|spectral class]] of G2, meaning that it is ...
136: ...tor). Tidal effects from the planets do not significantly affect the shape of the Sun, although the S...
138: ...ntre of the Sun. Nevertheless, the Sun has well defined interior structure, described below. The Sun'...
144: ... of 4.26 million tonnes per second or 383 [[SI prefix|yottawatts]] (9.15×10<sup>16</sup> tons of... - Cell biology (3658 bytes)
3: ...tween cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell and [[molecular biology]]. These fund...
8: ...he ER and Golgi to the plasma membrane. From the plasma membrane, proteins destined to be degraded move b...
11: ===Purification of cells and their parts===
12: Purification of cells and their parts is achieved in the... - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
3: The [[cell theory]], first developed in the [[19th century]], states that...
18: *[[traffic (locational)|Traffic]] of [[vesicle (biology)|vesicle]]s.
21: ...he cells of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.''' - This figure illustrates a typical human cell (''eukaryote...
25: Cells can also be classified into two categories based on their internal str...
27: ...the [[three-domain system]] of [[scientific classification]], prokaryotic cells are placed in the doma... - Pioneer 11 (5118 bytes)
3: ...net)|Jupiter]] and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn...
5: ...ft's [[velocity]]. The thrusters could be either fired steadily or pulsed, by command.
7: ...d measured their [[polarization]]. Further scientific information was obtained from [[celestial mechan...
9: ...Image:SAT 79HC432.jpg|left|thumb|320px|One of the first spacecraft views of [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]]...
11: ... 30]], [[1995]] when the RTG power level was insufficient to operate any experiments. As of the end of... - Cilium (3845 bytes)
3: ...ll (biology)|cell]]. Cillia are extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtub...
10: ...ith a specialized non-motile cilium. The terminal fiber of the [[olfactory]] neuron is also a non-moti...
15: ...otubule singlets and do not have dyneins. This configuration of axoneme is referred as a ''"9 + 0"'' t... - Cytoskeleton (4391 bytes)
4: ...yotic]] cells contain three kinds of cytoskeletal filaments.
6: ===Actin Filaments===
7: ''Main article: [[microfilament]]s.''
9: ...a membrane, as they keep cellular shape, form cytoplasmatic protuberancies (like [[pseudopods]] and [[micr...
11: ===Intermediate Filaments=== - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
1: ...nction is to process [[protein]]s targeted to the plasma membrane, [[lysosome]]s or endosomes and those th...
3: ...ey are modified, sorted and shipped towards their final destination. The Golgi apparatus is present in...
7: ...the Golgi apparatus, (12) Secretory vesicle, (13) Plasma membrane, (14) [[Exocytosis]], (15) Cytoplasm, (1...
9: ...face is directed towards the [[plasma membrane]] (Fig. 1). The cis and trans faces have different memb...
13: ...pparatus is considered more or less the "postal office" of the cell. It handles all incoming lipids, p... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
1: ...in all [[eukaryote|eukaryotic cells]]. The ER modifies [[protein]]s, makes [[macromolecule]]s, and tra...
3: ...ase structure and composition is similar to the [[plasma membrane]], though it is an extension of the [[nu...
6: [[Image:nucleus_ER_golgi.jpg|thumb|360px|'''Figure 1 :''' Image of [[cell nucleus|nucleus]], end...
21: ...d then passes them on to the [[Golgi apparatus]] (Fig. 1).
28: ...sicle (biology)|vesicle]]s. The rough ER also modifies, folds, and controls the quality of proteins. - Mitochondrion (10103 bytes)
9: ... organelles capable of dramatic changes in shape. Finally, mitochondria can fuse with one another, or ...
18: ...hich is usually characteristic of [[bacteria]]l [[plasma membrane]]s.
36: ...itochondrial functions are performed only in specific types of cells. For example, mitochondria in liv...
53: ... D. Boyer]] and [[John E. Walker]] for their clarification of the working mechanism of ATP synthase. - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
10: ... invade a cell and helping repair damage to the [[plasma membrane]] by serving as a membrane patch, sealin...
12: ... [[cell metabolism]]. Broadly, these can be classified as [[mucopolysaccharidosis|mucopolysaccharidose... - Vacuole (5544 bytes)
1: ...considered nonprotoplasmic and the contents classified as [[Ergastic substances|ergastic]] according t...
3: Vacuoles are typically filled with a liquid called '''cell sap''', the comp...
4: ...] internal pH, the storage of small molecules and finally can enable a cell to elongate rapidly.
30: ...omes. Next, the autophagosomes fuse the vacuoles. Finally, the cytoplasms and the organelles are degra...
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