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- Proletariat (3268 bytes)
1: ...ntil [[Karl Marx]] used it as a positive term to identify what he termed the [[working class]].
7: ...tility has been the most pronounced in the lesser-developed world, particularly a small number of indi...
9: ...theory, the proletariat also includes the [[petty bourgeoisie]], who rely primarily but not exclusively on thei...
11: ...ade up by cutting costs, a process which can include layoffs and wage cuts. [[Communism]] states that ...
17: ...en bureaucrats and workers and the actual lack of democracy meant that it had no resemblance to the Ma... - Age of Exploration (14467 bytes)
1: ...dro ?vares Cabral]], [[John Cabot]], [[Juan Ponce de Le, and [[Ferdinand Magellan]].
3: ...re a combination of traditional European and Arab designs were the first ships that could leave the re...
6: ...isi's world map.JPG|200px|thumb|right|This map, made by Arab geographer [[al-Idrisi]], was one of the ...
7: ...iddle East was almost completely controlled by traders from the Italian city states. Their close links...
9: The first of these travelers was [[Giovanni de Plano Carpini]] who journeyed to [[Mongolia]] and... - Ming Dynasty (65624 bytes)
2: ...ain]] industry) reaching unprecedented heights. Under Ming rule, a vast [[navy]] and [[army]] was buil...
6: ...ful of the various [[Han Chinese]] groups and Zhu declared the foundation of the Ming Dynasty in [[136...
8: ...zu]] of the [[Han Dynasty]]; [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Deng Xiaoping]] are the two other peasant revolution...
10: ... since the Mongols were still a threat. As an aside, the name Hongwu means "Vast Military" and reflec...
12: ...hina|Yongle Emperor]], independent peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture. - Causes of the French Revolution (11170 bytes)
2: ...nment]]. As the revolution proceeded and as power devolved from the monarchy to legislative bodies, th...
7: ...French. Many in France attacked the [[democracy|undemocratic]] nature of the government, pushed for [[...
9: ...plebeian]] way of dealing with the enemies of the bourgeoisie: absolutism, feudalism and [[philistinism]]." [ht...
12: ===Debt===
13: ...es; however, because noble titles exempted the holder from future taxes, the purchasers of titles were... - French Revolution (36529 bytes)
2: ...Bonaparte]], the revolution nonetheless spelled a definitive end to the ''[[ancien r駩me]]'', and ecl...
8: ...nment]]. As the revolution proceeded and as power devolved from the monarchy to legislative bodies, th...
10: Certainly, causes of the revolution must include all of the following:
13: ...sants, wage-earners, and, to a lesser extent, the bourgeoisie
14: ... The rise of [[the Enlightenment|enlightenment]] ideals. - Protestant Reformation (26890 bytes)
1: ...uther]] and his [[95 Theses]]. The reformation ended in division and the establishment of new institu...
4: ... Anti-hierarchical movements: [[Cathar]]ism, [[Waldensian]]ism, and others
18: === Underlying Demographic and Economic Factors ===
20: ...rring in conjunction with economic, political and demographic forces that contributed to a growing dis...
22: ...[[Louis XI of France]] (1461-1483), the “spider king,” sought to remove all constitutional... - History of Germany (53864 bytes)
5: ...s often known as the second Reich to indicate its descent from the medieval empire. By the same reason...
7: ...tion of the two Germanys in [[1990]]. For further details, please consult the ''main articles'' given ...
10: ''See also: [[Germanic tribes]], [[Confederations of Germanic Tribes]], [[Germania]], [[Germ...
12: ...us Cornelius Tacitus]], author of ''Germania'', a descriptive work about the Germanic people at the Ro...
13: ... from [[Schleswig-Holstein]], advancing to the [[Oder]] and the [[Rhine]] and into southern Germany. - Voltaire (48640 bytes)
4: ...Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] [[writer]], [[deism|deist]] and [[philosophy|philosopher]].
8: ...d in Paris, the grandfather being a prosperous tradesman. Nonetheless, throughout his life, Voltaire ...
10: ...unger brother was very fond, married early; the elder brother, Armand, was a strong [[Jansenism|Jansen...
12: ... [[knowledge]], and probably kindled his lifelong devotion to the stage.
14: ...ther stopped the affair by procuring a ''[[lettre de cachet]]'', though he never used it. - Germany in the Middle Ages (53864 bytes)
5: ...s often known as the second Reich to indicate its descent from the medieval empire. By the same reason...
7: ...tion of the two Germanys in [[1990]]. For further details, please consult the ''main articles'' given ...
10: ''See also: [[Germanic tribes]], [[Confederations of Germanic Tribes]], [[Germania]], [[Germ...
12: ...us Cornelius Tacitus]], author of ''Germania'', a descriptive work about the Germanic people at the Ro...
13: ... from [[Schleswig-Holstein]], advancing to the [[Oder]] and the [[Rhine]] and into southern Germany. - Karl Marx (38076 bytes)
2: ...kingmen's Association]]. While Marx addressed a wide range of issues, he is most famous for his analys...
7: ...p his position as a lawyer, which he had gained under the [[Napoleon]]ic regime. The Marx family was v...
10: ...l. His senior thesis, which anticipated his later development of a social analysis of religion, was a ...
12: [[Image:39km1.jpg|thumb|left|Marx during his student years]]
13: - Judiciary (4660 bytes)
1: ...r types of [[dispute resolution|adjudicators]]. Under the doctrine of the [[separation of powers]], it...
3: ... actual case to be judged; in practice, [[jurisprudence]] plays the same role as case law;
6: ...l government of the United States|United States Federal Government]], the [[Supreme Court of the Unite...
11: ...enforcement of royal decisions, including much needed reforms.
13:
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