Rosh Chodesh
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Rosh Chodesh (Hebrew: "Head/Beginning [of the Hebrew] Month") is the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar.
The Hebrew calendar is based on the lunar cycle, and each new month is marked by the appearance of the "new moon", i.e., a sliver of light reflected from the moon. This is typically one or two days after the astronomical new moon, when we can only see the shadow side of the moon and not even a sliver of light.
Rosh Chodesh is not considered a religious holiday, but it is observed with additional Jewish prayers, including the Psalms of Hallel ("praise") in all Orthodox synagogues, and, if it falls on or the day after the Shabbat, a special Haftarah portion is read in certain months.