Primorsky Krai
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 Primorsky Krai Coat of Arms |
 Primorsky Krai Flag |
The Primorsky Krai (Russian: Примо́рский край), also known as "Primorye" (Примо́рье), is one of Russia's 89 federal subjects (also referred to as "members of the Federation"). Krai is a term used to refer to several of Russia's administrative units. Primorsky means maritime in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as the Maritime Province. It is located at the southern extreme of the Russian Far East, bordering China, North Korea, and the Khabarovsk Krai, and separated from Japan by the Sea of Japan.
- Area — 165,900 km².
- Population — 2,301,700.
- Administrative center - Vladivostok.
- Governor — Sergey Mikhaylovich Darkin.
- Borders length — over 3,000 km (1,860 mi), including 1350 km (837 mi) of the sea borders.
- Highest peak — Anik Mountain (1,933 m — 6,340 ft).
- Largest cities — Vladivostok (pop. 659,000), Nakhodka (pop. 192,000), Ussuriysk (pop. 162,000), Artyom (pop. 115,000).
- Average life expectancy in 1994 — 62.5 years (male — 56.8, female — 69.4).
- Railroads length — 1,628 km (1,009 miles) (of which 345 km (214 miles) are electrified).
- Automobile roads length — 12,633 km (7,832 miles).
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Geography
Primorsky Krai, bordered by China, North Korea, and warm, non-freezing waters of the Sea of Japan, is the extreme South-Eastern region of Russia, located between 42° and 48° North Latitude and 130° and 139° East Longitude. It is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme Northern point to the extreme Southern point totals about 900 km (558 mi). Highlands dominate the territory of the Krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% is forested. The average height is about 500 m (1,640 ft). The highest peak of Primorye is Anik Mountain (1,933 m - 6,340 ft). Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges - the Partizansky, the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many carst caves in the South of Primorye. The relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve could be recommended for tourists. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of the ancient volcanoes in the area. The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the Partizanskaya, the Kiyevka, the Zerkalnaya, the Cheryomukhovaya, the Yedinka, the Samarga, the Bikin, and the Bolshaya Ussurka. Most rivers in the Krai have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the Ussuri, with a length of 903 km (560 miles). The head of the Ussuri River originates 20 km (12 miles) to the East of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Prikhankayskaya Lowland extends into the West and the South-West of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forests. A part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the Russian Far East, Khanka Lake, is occupied by a forest-steppe.
The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora - there are the mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where the ancient plant species have been preserved: the ferns, the lotus, the Chozenia Willow, etc. The fauna of Primorye is also diverse, the following animals are found in the Krai: the Ussuri black bear (Ursus thibetanis), the Amur tiger, the leopard, the lynx, the wild boar, the Manchurian deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygos), the roe deer, the musk deer, the goral (Nemorhaedus goral), the sika deer, the sable, the mandarinka duck (Aix galericulata), the black stork (Ciconia nigra), the scaly goosander (Mergus squamatus), the Japanese starling (Sturnia philippensis), the black griffon (Aegypius monachus), the large-winged cuckoo (Cuculidae family), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR, 350 are found in Primorye.
Primorye is one of the few places where the forests are still pristine, comparable in terms of passability to a tropical jungle. The climate conditions of the Krai are also extraordinary. All this makes Primorye one of the unique regions of the Earth, and it undoubtedly must excite the interest of all lovers of nature and those willing to test their strength.
Time zone
Primorsky Krai is located in the Vladivostok Time Zone (VLAT/VLAST). UTC offset is +1000 (VLAT)/+1100 (VLAST).
Climate
- Average annual temperature — -10°C (14°F) in the North of the Province, +5°C (41°F) on the Southern Coast.
- Average annual precipitation — 720 mm (28 in).
History
- Main article: History of Primorsky Krai
According to archaeological data, the first inhabitants of Primorsky Krai were the Palaeasiatic and Tungus peoples. They probably appeared in this area 50-60 thousand years ago in the Paleolithic period. The descendants of the Tungus-speaking tribes are still inhabiting Primorye and Priamurye. These are the Nanaians, the Udeges, and the Evenks.
In 698 AD, the State of Bohai appeared in the territory, and existed as long as 936 AD, and originated the ancestry of the above-mentioned peoples. Bohai was an early feudal medieval state of Eastern Asia, which developed its industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, and had its own cultural traditions and art. People of Bohai maintained political, economic and cultural contacts with China, Korea, and Japan.
From 1115 to 1234 the southern area of the modern Russian Far East was occupied by a more powerful state - The Jurchen Empire (Anchungurun) or, otherwise called The Golden Empire, a name given by its neighbours. The Jurchen were the descendants of the Bohai people. Nomadic stock raising and common agriculture formed their economic basis. They also developed a metallurgical industry, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of luxury articles. The Golden Empire conducted independent foreign and domestic policies. As well as the Bohai people, the Jurchen established close contacts with Japan, China, and Korea. Having conquered China, the Jurchengs dominated the territory for a long time.
The Golden Empire crumbled as a result of the Gengis Khan invasion. The Mongols destroyed all cities, ports, and the fleet of the Jurchengs. They killed, or turned into slaves most of the country's population. The survivors hid themselves from the Mongolians in the forests, river valleys, and the remote reas of the Amur and Zabaykalye, the Okhotsky coast and parts of Sakhalin island. As time went on, the people forgot the trades developed by the Bohai people and the Jurchen. They got used to collecting the taiga gifts, fishing and hunting wild animals.
For many centuries these rich lands, unique in the structure of flora and fauna, had not been cultivated. In the beginning of the 17th century, when the Russians first appeared in this land, the forefathers of today's small ethnic groups of the Far East were a primitive society. It should be noted that the Mongolians, the invaders of the Golden Empire, did not settle in Primorye, but left for China and the Central Asian steppes.
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According to the Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689 between Russia and China, lands south of the Stanovoy Mountains, including Primorye, were Chinese territory. However, with the weakening of the Qing Empire in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858 the towns of Khabarovsk and Blagoveshchensk were founded.
Incorporation of the Maritime Province into Russia was largely a work of one man, Count Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky. In 1858, he signed the Aigun Treaty with China, which was followed by the Beijing Treaty two years later. Under these treaties, the Russian-Chinese border was moved south to the Amur and Ussuri rivers. This granted Russia possession of Primorye.
In the period from 1859 to 1882 ninety five settlements had been established in Primorye, including Vladivostok, Ussuriysk, Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, Shkotovo, Pokrovka, Tury Rog, and Kamen-Rybolov. The major occupations of the population were the agricultural, hunting and fishing trades, involving more than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants.
At the end of the 19th century, the coal-mining industry started developing. The territory also exported sea-kale, antlers of young Siberian stag, timber, crabs, dried fish, and trepangs. Thus, it took Primorye about half a century to enter into the all-Russian economic and cultural process, and to establish close contacts with the countries of the Asian Pacific region. This was accomplished through the efforts of the territory's population, and the Russian and foreign capital inflow to the area.
From 1922, after the Civil War in Primorye ended, economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory followed the plans of the Bolsheviks who had won in Russia. During the first 10 years of Soviet Power, the cultural sphere struggled against the "bourgeois ideology". As a result music, theater, fine arts, and literature in Primorye had to begin almost at the beginning, on the ruins of the pre-Revolutionary culture. The priority in economy was set on the primary industries - mining and fishing in particular. Railroad and sea transport was also being developed at the time, accompanied with the intensive ports construction works. By the early 1990s the once small enterprises had developed into large companies. These are Far Eastern Shipping Company (FESCO or DVMP), Dalmoreprodukt, Vladivostok base of Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), Active Marine Fisheries Base of Nakhodka, Vostok Mining Company, Progress Arsenyev Aircraft Works, etc. The Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye had worked in all regions of the world's oceans. Numerous enterprises of the Military Industrial Complex were established in Primorye. In the 1970s Primorye witnessed an intensive development of science. Today Vladivostok boasts such worldwide known scientific-research institutions as Biology and Soil Institute, The Pacific Institute of Biorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biology, The Pacific Institute of Geography, The Pacific Oceanological Institute, a total of more than 10 Institutes of Far Eastern Division of Russian Academy of Sciences (DVO RAN). Vladivostok is also the home of the DVO RAN presidium.
Business and economy
Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East, is also the largest in absolute terms. Food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing. Annual catch exceeds 2 million tonnes, or one half of the Russian Far East total. Second is machine building, where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards. Defense is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft. The construction materials industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East. Lead smelting is conducted in the coastal town of Rudnaya Pristan.
The timber industry, though in recession, is still second only to Khabarovsk Krai's with an annual yield of about 3 million cubic meters of timber. Primorsky Krai is the largest coal producer in the Russian Far East and generates more electricity than any other Russian Far East administrative division, but power shortages are common. Agriculture is also important; the Krai produces rice, milk, eggs, and vegetables.
Primorsky Krai is the Russian Far East's banking and finance center. It has more than 100 banks and affiliates and well-developed currency and stock exchanges.
The Krai's proximity to Pacific Rim markets gives it an edge over most other Russian Far East administrative divisions in developing foreign trade. Major trade items are seafood products, timber products, and ferrous metals. Major trading partners are Japan, China, and Korea.
Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with infrastructure. Its railway density is twice the Russian average. Railroads connect it with China and North Korea. Vladivostok, the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian railway, was surpassed as a port by the nearby Nakhodka-Vostochny container, coal and timber terminals. Primorsky Krai-based shipping companies provide 80% of marine shipping services in the Russian Far East. All the Krai's significant ports are now open to international shipping.
Natural resources
- Main article: Natural Resources of Primorsky Krai
Demographics
Owing to its geographical location, Primosky Krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians but also Han Chinese, Tungus-Manchu, Korean, Japanese and Oroch minorities.
Administrative Division
Districts
Primorsky Krai consists of the following districts (районов):
- Anuchinsky (Ану́чинский)
- Chernigovsky (Черни́говский)
- Chuguyevsky (Чугу́евский)
- Dalnerechensky (Дальнере́ченский)
- Kavalerovsky (Кавале́ровский)
- Khankaysky (Ханка́йский)
- Khasansky (Хаса́нский)
- Khorolsky (Хоро́льский)
- Kirovsky (Ки́ровский)
- Krasnoarmeysky (Красноарме́йский)
- Lazovsky (Лазо́вский)
- Lesozavodsky (Лесозаво́дский)
- Mikhaylovsky (Миха́йловский)
- Nadezhdinsky (Наде́ждинский)
- Oktyabrsky (Октя́брьский)
- Olginsky (О́льгинский)
- Partizansky (Партиза́нский)
- Pogranichny (Пограни́чный)
- Pozharsky (Пожа́рский)
- Shkotovsky (Шко́товский)
- Spassky (Спа́сский)
- Terneysky (Терне́йский)
- Ussuriysky (Уссури́йский)
- Yakovlevsky (Я́ковлевский)
Major Settlements
- Vladivostok (Владивосток)
- Nakhodka (Находка)
- Arsenyev (Арсеньев)
- Artyom (Артём)
- Bolshoy Kamen (Большой Камень)
- Dalnegorsk (Дальнегорск)
- Dalnerechensk (Дальнереченск)
- Fokino (Фокино)
- Partizansk (Партизанск)
- Spassk-Dalny (Спасск-Дальний)
- Ussuriysk (Уссурийск)
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