Palestine Liberation Organization
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The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. From 1969 the PLO chairman was Yasser Arafat until his death in 2004 when he was succeeded by Mahmoud Abbas (also known as Abu Mazen.)
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Overview
Founded in 1964, the PLO has a nominal legislative body of 300 members, the Palestinian National Council (PNC). Actual political power and decisions are controlled by the PLO Executive Committee, made up of 15 people voted in by the PNC. PLO incorporates a wide range of ideologies of different Palestinian movements committed to the struggle for Palestinian independence and liberation, and hence the name of the organization. Since 1974, PLO's PNC approved the Ten Points Program formulated by Fatah's leaders which calls for the establishment of Palestinian Authority on any piece of liberated Palestinian land, and to actively pursue the establishment of a secular democratic binational state in Israel/Palestine under which all citizens will enjoy equal status and rights regardless of race, sex, or religion. The Ten Points Program was considered the first attempt by PLO at a peaceful resolution, although it was rejected by Israel. The Palestine Liberation Organization is considered the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and hold a permanent observation seat in the UN General Assembly.
History
In the 1970s the PLO, was an umbrella group of eight organizations headquartered in Damascus and Beirut, all devoted to what they called armed resistance to either Zionism or Israeli occupation, using methods which included attacks on civilians and guerrilla warfare against Israel. The PLO includes Fatah, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), the Arab Liberation Front (ALF), the Popular Struggle Front (PSF) as well as other minor groups. It has at times contained other groups which have since left the organization for various reasons, such as:
- The radical group Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC) splinter group within the PFLP, left in 1974 in protest of the Ten Points Program.
The PLO and its former leader Yasser Arafat had since become the generally accepted organization of the Palestinian people and its desire to have a nation of its own. The PLO has observer status in the United Nations.
Timeline
The PLO was founded on 2 June 1964. The first executive committee was formed on 9 August, with Ahmad Shuqeiri as its leader.
At the Palestinian National Congress in Cairo on February 3, 1969 Arafat was appointed PLO leader.
In 1974, three radical members of one of the PLO's groups took over an elementary school in the Israeli town of Ma'alot and massacred 21 children with hand grenades and machine guns.
Black September in Jordan
Main article: Black September in Jordan
The PLO in Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War
Main article: Lebanese Civil War
In the mid-1970s, Arafat and his Fatah movement found themselves in a tenuous position politically. The PLO's Rejection Front opposed Arafat's growing calls for diplomacy from the mid-1970s, perhaps best symbolized by his support for a UN Security Council resolution proposed in 1976 calling for a two-state settlement on the pre-1967 borders and his Ten Points Program, which was denounced by the Rejection Front (and vetoed by the United States). The population in the Occupied Territories, for their part, saw Arafat as their only hope for a favorable resolution to the conflict, especially in the aftermath of the Camp David Accords, which Palestinians had seen as a blow to their aspirations to self-determination; on the other hand, Israeli leaders, who had their own designs for the Occupied Territories, resented Arafat's popularity and increasing diplomatic credibility. Meanwhile, Palestinian terrorist Abu Nidal, a sworn enemy of the PLO since 1974, assassinated the PLO's diplomatic envoy to the European Economic Community, which in the Venice Declaration of 1980 had called for the Palestinian right of self-determination to be recognized by Israel. The sponsors of the assassination were never conclusively identified, but it was at any rate clear that Arafat's diplomatic machinations were not universally welcomed.
In the Lebanese Civil War the PLO first fought against the Maronites, then against Israel, then, finally, against the Syrian supported Amal militia. From 1985 to 1988 Amal besieged Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon to drive out supporters of Arafat. Many thousands of Palestinians died of fire and starvation. After the Amal siege ended there was a great deal of intra-Palestinian fighting in the camps. (see War of the Camps)
Opposition to Arafat was notably fierce not only among radical Arab groups but among many on the Israeli right as well, including Menachem Begin, who had stated on more than one occasion that even if the PLO accepted UN Security Council resolution 242 and recognized Israel's right to exist, he would never negotiate with the organization (Smith, op. cit., p. 357). This contradicted the official United States position that it would negotiate with the PLO if the PLO accepted resolution 242 and recognized Israel, which the PLO had thus far been unwilling to do. Other Arab voices had recently called for a diplomatic resolution to the hostilities in accord with the international consensus, including Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat on his visit to Washington in August 1981 and Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia in his 7 August peace proposal; together with Arafat's diplomatic maneuvers, these developments made Israel's argument that it had "no partner for peace" seem increasingly problematic. Thus, in the eyes of Israeli hard-liners, "the Palestinians posed a greater challenge to Israel as a peacemaking organization than as a military one" (Smith, op. cit., 376).
United Nations
The United Nations General Assembly granted the PLO observer status on November 22, 1974. On July 7, 1998, this status was extended to allow participation in General Assembly debates, though not in voting.
On January 12, 1976 the UN Security Council voted 11-1 with 3 absentions to allow the Palestinian Liberation Organization to participate in a Security Council debate without voting rights, a privilege usually restricted to UN member states.
Tunis & Algeria
In 1982, the PLO relocated to Tunis, Tunisia after it was driven out of Lebanon by Israel, during Israel's six-month invasion of Lebanon.
In 1988, the Palestine National Council adopted in Algeria a resolution calling for the implementation of applicable United Nations resolutions, particularly, Resolutions 242 and 338. Some Palestinians recognized Israel's right to exist within pre-1967 borders, with the understanding that they would be allowed to set up their own state in the West Bank and Gaza. A significant minority within the PLO at this time still held the view that a future Palestinian state would include the territory of Jordan, an area that was part of Palestine administered by the United Kingdom from 1917 till 1922.
Oslo Accords
In 1993, the PLO secretly negotiated the Oslo Accords with Israel. The accords were signed on 20 August 1993. There was a subsequent public ceremony in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993 with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin. The Accords granted the Palestinians right to self-government on the Gaza Strip and the West Bank through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. Yasser Arafat was appointed head of the PA and the PLO came to dominate the administration. The headquarters of the PA (and thereby Yasser Arafat and the PLO) were established in Ramallah on the West Bank.
On 9 September, 1993, Arafat issued a press release stating that "the PLO recognizes the right of the State of Israel to exist in peace and security". Some factions within the PLO and the PA, who used to seek peaceful coexistence with Israel while creating a Palestinian state within the West Bank and Gaza, have lost popular support due to the reoccupation of PA controlled areas in the West Bank.
In addition to Arafat, the PLO has many other well known leaders. One of them is the Palestinian Christian Hanan Ashrawi. She is a Professor of Literature at a West Bank university who has contributed to the understanding of English literature among the Palestinians and developed and compiled that people's own literature. By doing so, Palestinian identity and development has been furthered, consistent with the basic principles of the PLO.
Numerous leaders within the PLO and the PA, including Yasser Arafat himself, have declared that the State of Israel has a permanent right to exist, and that the peace treaty with Israel is genuine, though members of the PLO have claimed responsibility for a number of attacks against Israelis since the Oslo Accords. Some Palestinian officials have stated that the peace treaty must be viewed as permanent. A majority of Israelis believe Palestinians should have a state of their own. At the same time, a significant portion of the Israeli public and some political leaders (including the former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu) express doubt over whether a peaceful, coherent state can be founded by the PLO and call for significant re-organization, including the elimination of all terrorism, before any talk about independence.
PLO National Charter
The text of the Palestine National Charter as amended in 1968 contains many clauses calling for the destruction of the state of Israel. In letters exchanged between Arafat and Rabin in conjunction with the 1993 Oslo Accords, Arafat agreed that those clauses would be removed. On 26 April 1996, the Palestine National Council voted to nullify or amend all such clauses, and called for a new text to be produced. A letter from Arafat to US President Clinton in 1998 listed the clauses concerned, and a meeting of the Palestine Central Committee approved that list. A public meeting of PLO, PNC and PCC members also confirmed the letter in Clinton's presence. Nevertheless, a new text of the Charter has never been produced, and this is the source of a continuing controversy. Critics of the Palestinian organizations claim that failure to produce a new text proves the insincerity of the clause nullifications. One of several Palestinian responses is that the proper replacement of the Charter will be the constitution of the forthcoming state of Palestine. The published draft constitution states that the territory of Palestine "is an indivisible unit based upon its borders on the 4th of June 1967".
The PLO Charter endorses the use of violence, specifically "armed struggle" against what they call "zionist imperialism." Article 10 of the Palestinian National Charter states "Commando (Feday’ee) action constitutes the nucleus of the Palestinian popular liberation war. This requires its escalation, comprehensiveness, and the mobilization of all the Palestinian popular and educational efforts and their organization and involvement in the armed Palestinian revolution. It also requires the achieving of unity for the national (watani) struggle among the different groupings of the Palestinian people, and between the Palestinian people and the Arab masses, so as to secure the continuation of the revolution, its escalation, and victory."
Allegations of Terrorism
Successive Israeli governments have considered the PLO to be a terrorist organization because of its violent acts against the Israeli military and security forces, and against civilians.
In contrast, Palestinian supporters and some international jurists would consider attacks on the Israeli military legitimate armed resistance to Israeli occupation, in accordance with International Law and Protocol 1 to the First Geneva Convention (which applies in "armed conflicts against alien occupation" and gives lawful combatant status to non-uniformed guerrillas who display their arms openly during military operations).
Despite disagreements about the legitimacy of the PLO's attacks on Israeli military personnel, most international opinion considers its targeted attacks on Israeli civilians to be terrorist acts.
Statements made by PLO
The PLO has a wide diversity of opinions within it, some more peaceful than others. The opinions expressed by some PLO members do not necessarily reflect the organization as a whole.
On accepting Israel:
- "Consequently, the PLO undertakes to submit to the Palestinian National Council for formal approval the necessary changes in regard to the Palestinian covenant." --Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the PLO (in the exchange of letters with Israel on 9 September 1993)
- "Israel must not demand that the PLO alter its covenant, just as the PLO does not demand that the Jewish nation cancel the Bible." --Ziad Abu Ziad, senior PLO official (in a speech to the American Jewish Federation, 23 October 1993)
- "Palestinians are no strangers to compromise. In the 1993 Oslo Accords, we agreed to recognize Israeli sovereignty over 78 percent of historic Palestine and to establish a Palestinian state on only 22 percent." -- Saeb Erekat, Chief Palestinian negotiator, 5 August 2000
- In his 22 April 2004 interview with the Jordanian newspaper Al-Arab, the PLO minister still living in Tunisia Farouk Kaddoumi said that the PLO charter was never changed so as to recognize Israel's right to exist. "The Palestinian national charter has not been amended until now. It was said that some articles are no longer effective, but they were not changed. I'm one of those who didn't agree to any changes." He said also: "...the national struggle must continue. I mean the armed struggle... Fatah was established on the basis of the armed struggle and that this was the only way to leading to political negotiations that would force the enemy to accept our national aspirations. Therefore there is no struggle other than the armed military struggle... If Israel wants to leave the Gaza Strip, then it should do so. This means that the Palestinian resistance has forced it to leave. But the resistance will continue. Let the Gaza Strip be South Vietnam. We will use all available methods to liberate North Vietnam." (Source: [1] (http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1082606041893&p=1078027574121))
- "If you are asking me, as a man who belongs to the Islamic faith, my answer is also "From the river to the sea," the entire land is an Islamic Waqf which can not be bought or sold, and it is impossible to remain silent while someone is stealing it ..." -- Faisal Husseini (1940-2001), Fatah leader and PA Minister for Jerusalem, 'Al-Arabi' (Egypt), 24 June 2001. [2] (http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP23601). Similar statements made in the newspaper 'As-Safir' on 3 March 2001 page 23 of the report (http://www.jcrc.org/israel/npr/NPR%20Report%20FINAL%201-19-03.pdf) [3] (http://www.isranet.org/issues_of_the_day.htm)
On whether the PLO police force will work with Israel against terrorism:
- "The Joint Security Coordination and Cooperation Committee set up under Article II hereunder shall develop a plan to ensure full coordination between the Israeli military forces and the Palestinian police..." -- from the agreement signed by Israel and the PLO in Cairo on 4 May 1994 (paragraph 2a of Annex I to the agreement)
- "Anyone who thinks the Palestinian police will try to prevent attacks outside the borders of the autonomous area is making a bitter mistake." --- Sufian Abu Zaida, a leader of Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction in Gaza (Maariv, 25 April 1994)
- "If there are those who oppose the agreement with Israel, the gates are open to them to intensify the armed struggle." -- Jibril Rajoub, PLO security chief for the West Bank, during a lecture at Bethlehem University (Yediot Aharonot, 27 May 1994)
On the right of return of Palestinian refugees:
- "I recently read an interview with an elderly Palestinian woman living in the Ein el Hilwa camp in Lebanon. Tightly gripping the rusted key to her family's farm near Jaffa, she asked her interviewer how she should explain to her grandchildren, who had known only the stench of the camp's open sewers, what it was like to wake up to the scent of fresh lemons." -- Elia Zureik, a Professor of Sociology at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, Advises the Palestine Liberation Organization on Refugee Issues
- "800,000 Palestinians among those who left after 1967 will come back in the transitional period, which is five years. Those who left in 1948 will come back after the declaration of the Palestinian independent state." -- Nabil Sha'ath, head of the PLO delegation to the talks with Israel in Taba (Al-Hayat, 28 September 1993)
- "In my opinion, the refugees problem is more important than a Palestinian state" -- Faruk Kadumi, general secretary of the Fatah council (Kul Al-Arab, 3 Jannuar 2003)
On why the PLO signed the Cairo agreement with Israel:
- "The money is the carrot for signing the peace agreement with Israel. We have signed." -- Hassan Abu Libdah, deputy chairman of the PLO's Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction (The New York Times, 10 June 1994)
On Palestinian statehood:
- "Palestinians believe that Jerusalem should be a shared, open city; two capitals for two states." -- Faisal Husseni, senior PLO representative in Israel, 3 July 2000
- "Gradually, stage by stage, we will reach an independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as the capital." -- Feisal Husseini, senior PLO representative in Israel (Beirut Times, 16 September 1993)
- The Palestinian flag "will fly over the walls of Jerusalem, the churches of Jerusalem and the mosques of Jerusalem." -- Yasser Arafat, Former Chairman of the PLO (Jordanian TV, 13 September 1993)
Leaders of the PLO
- Ahmad Shukeiri (1964-1969)
- Yasser Arafat (March 2, 1969 - November 11, 2004)
- Mahmoud Abbas (From 11 November 2004)
See also
- PLO Charter/Covenant
- Black September in Jordan
- 1982 Invasion of Lebanon
- Palestinian terrorism
- Terrorism against Israel before 2000
- Proposals for a Palestinian state
- State of Palestine
- Palestinian territories
- Palestine Liberation Army
External links
History and Overview
- Fatah (http://www.fateh.net/) the most significant organization within the PLO
- Brief history (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/plo.htm) of the Palestine Liberation Organization by GlobalSecurity.org (http://www.globalsecurity.org/)
Documents
- Statement of Proclamation of the Organization (1964) (http://www.palestine-un.org/plo/doc_three.html)
- Palestinian National Charter (1968) (http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/plocov.htm) published by The Avalon Project (http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm) at Yale Law School
- Palestinian National Charter (1968) (http://www.palestine-un.org/plo/pna_three.html) published by the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations (http://www.palestine-un.org/)
- PLO Political Program (http://palestine-un.org/plo/doc_one.html) Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council Cairo, 8 June 1974 published by the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations (http://www.palestine-un.org/)
- Decisions and Actions related to the Palestine National Charter (1996) (http://www.palestine-un.org/plo/pna_one.html) published by the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations (http://www.palestine-un.org/)
- Unofficial Translation (http://www.palestine-un.org/plo/cc.html) of the Statement by the Central Council of the Palestine Liberation Organization 1996 document above
- Draft constitution (2003) (http://www.mopic.gov.ps/constitution/) as published by the Palestine National Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Analysis
- Another translation (http://www.pcpsr.org/domestic/2003/nbrowne.pdf) of the draft constitution, with commentary by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (http://www.pcpsr.org/)
- Commentary (http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Terrorism/PLO_Covenant_commentary.html) on the Palestine National Charter published by the Jewish Virtual Library (http://www.us-israel.org/)
- Commentary (http://www.tenc.net/gilwhite/israelplo.htm) on the political origins of the PLO by Emperor's Clothes (http://www.tenc.net/)
General
- Collection (http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Terrorism/plotoc.html) of Documents, Biographies and other information on the Palestine Liberation Organization published by the Jewish Virtual Library (http://www.us-israel.org/)
- The Palestinian Vision of Peace (2002) (http://www.nad-plo.org/inner.php?view=nego_permanent_summary_howsummer2p) as stated by the PLO Negotiations Affairs Department (http://www.nad-plo.org/)
- Scholars debate the PLO vs. Zionism, suicide bombing and related issues (http://emperors-clothes.com/gilwhite/overview.htm#map)ang:Palistiniscre Fréogunge Þéodnes
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