|
|
| Civil union |
| Recognised nationwide in: |
| Denmark (1989) |
| Norway (1993) |
| Sweden (1995) |
| Greenland (1996) |
| Hungary (1996) |
| Iceland (1996) |
| Netherlands1 (1998) |
| France (1999) |
| South Africa (1999) |
| Belgium1 (2000) |
| Canada (federal)2 (2000) |
| Germany (2001) |
| Portugal (2001) |
| Finland (2002) |
| Liechtenstein (2002) |
| Croatia (2003) |
| Israel (2004) |
| Switzerland (federal) (2004) |
| Luxembourg (2004) |
| New Zealand (2005) |
| United Kingdom (2005) |
| Andorra (2005) |
| Switzerland (Approved 2005; Expected implemented 2007) |
| Recognised in some regions in: |
| Argentina (Buenos Aires, Rio Negro) (2003) |
| Australia (Tasmania) (2004) |
| Spain (Catalonia and 10 other regions) (1998) |
| Italy (Toscania, Umbria, Emilia Romagna) (2004) |
| Brazil (Rio Grande de Sul) (2004) |
| United States: CA (1999), CT (2005), DC (2002), |
| Other countries: |
| Austria |
| Czech Republic |
| Greece |
| Ireland |
| Poland |
| Slovenia |
| Taiwan |
| Notes: |
| 1 - Country subsequently legalized same-sex marriage. |
| 2 - Explicitly referred to as "civil unions" in Quebec and Nova Scotia, common-law marriage extended to same-sex partners nationwide. |
| See also |
| Same-sex marriage |
| Domestic partnership |
| Edit this box (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Template:Civil_union&action=edit) |
In France, a pacte civil de solidarité (English: "civil pact of solidarity") commonly known as a PACS, is a form of civil union between two adults (of the same or opposite sex) for organising their joint life. It brings rights and responsibilities, but less so than marriage.
The acronym has generated the French verb pacser.
It was introduced by the government of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in 1998 to be a marked improvement and alternative over the previous certificat de concubinage notoire, which had been restricted to heterosexual couples and had been seen as having pejorative overtones. The situation of concubinage only made certain benefits extend to the other partner in a union, and did not settle any issue regarding property, taxes, etc...
Initially, PACS offered the right to file joint income taxes only after 3 years. As of 2005, all PACS couples file joint taxes, in the same manner as married couples. Due to the way that the progressive tax is applied in France, a couple filing joint income taxes, in almost all cases, pays less tax than they would filing separately if one of the partners earns substantially more than the other.
On 5 June 2004 Noël Mamère, Mayor of Begles and a Green member of parliament, performed a wedding ceremony for Bertrand Charpentier and Stephane Chapin, purporting to unite them in marriage, not merely in civil union. The ceremony took place despite being forbidden by Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, and warnings by Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin that the mayor would face legal action, including possible suspension from office. It remains to be seen if the marriage would be recognized as a marriage. fr:Pacte civil de solidarité