PIXE
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PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission or Proton Induced X-ray Emission) is a technique used in the determining of the elemental make-up of a material or sample. When a material is exposed to an ion beam, atomic interactions occur that gives off wavelengths of EM radiation in the x-ray part of the spectrum specific to a element.
Particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE), is a powerful yet non-destructive elemental analysis technique now used routinely by geologists, archaeologists, art conservators and others to help answer questions of provenience, dating and authenticity.
Quantum theory states that orbiting electrons of an atom must occupy discrete energy levels in order to be stable. Bombardment with ions of sufficient energy (usually MeV protons) produced by an ion accelerator, will cause inner shell ionization of atoms in a specimen. Outer shell electrons drop down to replace inner shell vacancies, however only certain transitions are allowed. X-rays of a characteristic energy of the element are emitted. An energy dispersive detector is used to record and measure these x-rays and the intensities are then converted to elemental concentrations.