Oral history
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Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. Oral history is considered by some historians to be an unreliable source for the study of history. However, oral history is a valid means for preserving and transmitting history. Experience within literate cultures indicates that each time anyone reconstructs a memory, there are changes in the memory, but the core of the story is usually retained. Over time, however, minor changes can accumulate until the story becomes unrecognizable.
A person within a literate culture thus has presuppositions that may falsely affect her judgement of the validity of oral history within preliterate cultures. In these cultures children are usually selected and specially trained for the role of historian, and develop extraordinary memory skills known as eidetic or photographic memory.
Before the development of written language in a given society, oral history is the primary means of conveying information from one generation to the next. The most common form of this transmission is through storytelling and the recitation of epic poetry, with the stories and poems collectively known as the oral tradition of a people. The combination of this oral tradition with morals and rituals passed down by word of mouth is known as the folklore of a society. Although not as prevalent now as in the past, oral history is still very much alive among many North American native groups.
The information passed on has occasionally shown a surprising accuracy over long periods of time. For example, the Iliad, an epic poem of Homer describing the conquest of Troy, was passed down as oral history from perhaps the 8th century BC, until being recorded in writing by Pisistratos. Nonetheless, factual elements of the Iliad were at least partially validated by the discovery of ruins discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1870, thought to be those of the city described in the poem.
The most popular examples of oral history are the works of several authors that have, over the span of many hundred years BC, collected folklore which ultimately resulted in these works being included in a collective book known as the Old Testament. The New Testament was created by four different original authors whose slightly differing versions of many biblical events were combined. The Bible was therefore 'nearly' entirely created using oral history.
Contemporary oral history is much different. It involves recording or transcribing eyewitness accounts of historical events. Some anthropologists started collecting recordings (at first especially of American Indian folklore) on phonograph cylinders in the late 19th century. In the 1930s the United States Library of Congress started an oral history program to record traditional folk music, and accounts by surviving witnesses of the American Civil War, Slavery, and other major historical events, onto acetate discs. With the development of audio tape recordings the task of oral historians became easier.
One of the most important rules for those collecting oral history is to avoid asking leading questions, for many people will tend to say what they think the historian wants them to say.
Oral historians attempt to record the memories of many different people when researching a given event. Since any given individual may misremember events or distort their account for personal reasons, the historical documentation is considered to reside in the points of agreement of many different sources, rather than the account of any one person.
Oral history is now often used when historians investigate history from below.
Storytellers
Theorists
See also Oral Law
External links
- American Life Histories (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html) WPA Writers' Project 1936-1940 at Library of Congress (US)
- Center for Studies in Oral Tradition (http://www.oraltradition.org/) The center's mission is to facilitate communication across disciplinary boundaries by creating linkages among specialists in different fields. Through our various activities we try to foster conversations and exchanges about oral tradition that would not otherwise take place.
- My Recollection (http://www.myrecollection.com) Self-selected memories (non-academics)
- Oral History Archives of World War II--Rutgers U (http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/oralhistory/index.html)
- Oral History Association (http://omega.dickinson.edu/organizations/oha/) (US)
- Oral History in the Teaching of U.S. History (http://www.ericdigests.org/1996-4/oral.htm)
- Oral History Online--Berkeley U (http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/ohonline/) (mostly California and the West)
- Oral History Society (GB) (http://www.oralhistory.org.uk/)
- Techniques and Procedures of Oral History (http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/oral.htm) US Army Center of Military History
- Telling stories--Urban School of San Francisco (http://www.tellingstories.org/index.html) (Holocaust narratives)
- The Whole World Was Watching (http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/1968/) Oral history of 1968 in US--Brown U
- World War II Submarine Veterans History Project (http://www.oralhistoryproject.com/) California Center for Military History
- eTexts (http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Work+Projects+Administration) of oral history of former U.S. slaves collected in the 1930s by the WPA, at Project Gutenberg
- Oral History Directory (http://www.oralhistorydirectory.com/) A free directory that links to hundreds of oral history collections from around the world.
- The New Haven Oral History Project at Yale University. (http://www.newhavenoralhistoryproject.org/)
- Life in the Model City: Stories of Urban Renewal in New Haven -- online oral history-based exhibit (http://www.modelcity.org/)de:Mündliche Überlieferung
nl:Mondelinge geschiedenis pt:História oral simple:Oral history sl:Ustni zgodovinski viri