Ophrys

Ophrys
Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera var. aurita)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Orchidoideae Tribe: Orchideae Template:Taxobox subtribus entry Template:Taxobox alliance entry Genus: Ophrys L., 1753
Species
About 40

The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. There are many natural hybrids.

They are referred to as the "Bee orchids" because of the flowers of some species resemble the furry bodies of Bumble Bees and other insects. Their scientific name is derived from the Greek word "ophrys", meaning "eyebrow", referring to the furry edges of the lips of several species.

Ophrys was first mentioned in the book "Natural History" by Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD).

They are terrestrial or ground orchids from central to South Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, up to the Caucasus Mountains, but mostly around the Mediterranean. They are considered the most important group of European terrestrial orchids.

During summer all Ophrys orchids are dormant as an underground bulbous tuber, which serves as a food reserve. In late summer/autumn they develop a rosette of leaves. Also a new tuber starts to grow and matures until the following spring; the old tuber slowly dies. The next spring the flowering stem starts to grow. During flowering the leaves already start to wither.

Most Ophrys orchids are dependent on symbiotic fungi. Because of this, some species only develop small alternate leaves. They cannot be transplanted due to this symbiosis. The shiny, basal leaves have a green or bluish color.

The flowers surpass all other European orchids. Two to twelve flowers grow on an erect stem with basal leaves. They are absolutely unique not only because of their unequaled beauty, color range and exceptional forms, but also because of the ingenuity by which they attract insects. Their lip mimics several insects, such as that of a bee, a wasp, or a beetle, attracting and duping the right pollinator. This visual cue serves as a close-range attractant. This pollination mimicry is enhanced by producing the scent of the receptive female insect. This is the long-range attractant. These insect pheromones cause them to approach and investigate the flowers more closely. This all happens in a period that only males are active and females haven't appeared yet.

The Bumblebee Orchid (Ophrys bombyliflora) is a typical example. It has flowers that look and smell so much like female Bumble Bees that males flying nearby are irresistibly drawn in by this chemical signal, stimulating them sexually. The insect gets so excited that he starts to copulate with the flower. This is termed 'pseudocopulation'. The firmness, the smoothness and the velvety hairs of the lip are a further incentive for the insect to enter the flower. The pollinia inadvertently stick to the head or the abdomen of the male bumblebee. On visiting another orchid of the same species, the bumblebee pollinates its sticky stigma with the pollinia. The filaments of the pollinia have, during transport, taken such a position that the waxy pollen are able to stick to the stigma. Such is the refinement of the reproduction. If the filaments hadn’t taken the new position, the pollinia could not have pollinated the new orchid.

Every Ophrys orchid has its own pollinator insect and is completely dependent on this species for its survival. Furthermore, duped males are not likely to return. They even ignore other plants of the same species. Therefore, only about 10% of an Ophrys population gets pollinated. This is enough to preserve the population, since each Ophrys orchid produces about 12,000 minute seeds.

Species

• Ophrys aegirtica
• Ophrys alasiatica (Cyprus).
• Ophrys annae
• Ophrys antiochiana (Turkey).
• Ophrys apifera : Bee Orchid (Europe, Medit. to Caucasus).
  • Ophrys apifera var. apifera
  • Ophrys apifera var. aurita
  • Ophrys apifera var. botteroni
  • Ophrys apifera var. bicolor
  • Ophrys apifera var. friburgensis
  • Ophrys apifera var. immaculata
  • Ophrys apifera var. trollii
• Ophrys arachnitiformis : (Europa, Asia Minor, Syria)
• Ophrys araneola : Small Spider Ophrys (Europe, Asia Minor)
• Ophrys argentoriensis
• Ophrys argolica (S. Greece to SW. Turkey).
• Ophrys atlantica (S. Spain, Sicilia, NW. Africa).
  • Ophrys atlantica subsp. atlantica (S. Spain, NW. Africa). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys atlantica subsp. hayekii (Sicilia, Tunisia). Tuber geophyte

• Ophrys aurelia
• Ophrys aveyronensis
• Ophrys aymoninii
• Ophrys bertolonii : Bertoloni's Bee Orchid (W. & C. Medit.)
  • Ophrys bertolonii subsp. balearica (Baleares). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys bertolonii subsp. bertolonii (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys bilunulata
• Ophrys bombyliflora : Bumblebee Orchid (Canary Is., Medit.)
• Ophrys catalaunica
• Ophrys ciliata
• Ophrys cilicica (S. & SE. Turkey to N. Syria and Iran).
• Ophrys conradiae
• Ophrys cornutula (East Aegean Is.)
• Ophrys crabronifera (C. & E. Italy, Croatia).
• Ophrys cretica (S. Greece, S. Aegean Is.)

• Ophrys dianica (Spain).
• Ophrys dodekanensis (East Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys drumana
• Ophrys eptapigiensis (East Aegean Is.)
• Ophrys eleonorae
• Ophrys exaltata (NE. Spain to Italy).
  • Ophrys exaltata subsp. tyrrhena (Italy). Tuber geophyte.
• Ophrys ferrum-equinum (Albania to SW. & S. Turkey).
  • Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. anafiensis (Greece) Tuber geophyte.
  • Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. ferrum-equinum (Albania to SW. & S. Turkey). Tuber geophyte.
  • Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. gottfriediana (Greece). Tuber geophyte.
  • Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. minor (Greece) Tuber geophyte.
• Ophrys flavomarginata (Cyprus, Syria to Israel).
• Ophrys fleischmannii (E. Medit.)
• Ophrys forestieri

• Ophrys fusca : Dark Bee Orchid (Medit.)
  • Ophrys fusca ssp. blitopertha (Aegean Is. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys fusca ssp. cinereophila (S. Greece to N. Syria). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys fusca ssp. funerea
  • Ophrys fusca ssp. fusca (Medit.) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys fusca ssp. minima (France) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys fusca ssp. vasconica (SW. Europe). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys halia (East Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys helios (Crete).
• Ophrys holoserica (syn. Ophrys fuciflora) (W. & C. Europe to Medit.)
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. bornmuelleri (E. Medit. to N. Iraq). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. candica (SE. Italy to SW. Turkey). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. chestermanii (SW. Sardegna). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. elatior (France to S. Germany). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica nothosubsp. halicarnassia (Turkey). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys fuciflora ssp. gracilis
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. holoserica (W. & C. Europe to Medit.) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. lacaitae (Sicilia to S. Italy). Tuber geophyte

• • Ophrys holoserica ssp. maxima (Crete to SW. & S. Turkey, Israel). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. oxyrrhynchos (Sardegna to Sicilia, Italy). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys holoserica ssp. biancae (SE. Sicilia). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys iceliensis (Turkey).
• Ophrys illyrica (Croatia).
• Ophrys incubacea : Spider Orchid (S. Europe).
• Ophrys insectifera : Fly Orchid (Europe).
  • Ophrys insectifera subsp. insectifera (Europe). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys insectifera nothosubsp. tytecaeana (France). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys iricolor (Medit.)
  • Ophrys iricolor subsp. iricolor (E. Medit.)
  • Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima (Corse, Sardegna, Tunisia) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys isaura (S. Turkey).
• Ophrys israelitica (Aegean Is. to Jordan).
• Ophrys kopetdagensis ( Turkmenistan).
• Ophrys kotschyi (Cyprus).
• Ophrys latakiana (Syria).
• Ophrys lindia (East Aegean Is.)
• Ophrys lunulata (Sicilia to S. Italy).
• Ophrys lupercalis

• Ophrys lutea : Yellow Ophrys (Medit.)
  • Ophrys lutea ssp. lutea (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys lutea ssp. pseudospeculum (Medit.) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys lycia (SW. Turkey)
• Ophrys lyciensis (Turkey).
• Ophrys magniflora
• Ophrys mammosa : Bosom Orchid (SE. Europe to S. Turkmenistan).
• Ophrys marmorata
• Ophrys maxima (Crete).

• Ophrys morisii (S. Corse, Sardegna).
• Ophrys negadensis (Greece).
• Ophrys omegaifera Medit.)
  • Ophrys omegaifera ssp. dyris (S. Iberian Pen, Baleares, Morocco). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys omegaifera ssp. omegaifera (C. & E. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys ortuabis (Sardegna).
• Ophrys pallida (Sicilia, Malta, Algeria, Tunisia).
• Ophrys panattensis (Sardegna). Probably a hybrid between O. argolica and O. lunulata
• Ophrys parvula (East Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys persephonae (E. Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys picta
• Ophrys pollinensis (Italy). Probably a hybrid between O. argolica and O. holosericea
• Ophrys praecox (S. Corse to NW. Sardegna)
• Ophrys promontorii (C. & S. Italy).
• Ophrys provincialis
• Ophrys pseudapifera
• Ophrys pseudobertolonii (W. & C. Medit.)
  • Ophrys pseudobertolonii ssp. bertoloniiformis (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys pseudobertolonii ssp. pseudobertolonii (N. Italy) Tuber geophyte

• Ophrys pseudomammosa (Greece to N. Turkey).
• Ophrys reinholdii (Balkan Pen. to NW. Iran)
  • Ophrys reinholdii ssp. reinholdii (Balkan Pen. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys reinholdii ssp. straussii (S. & SE. Turkey to NW. Iran) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys santonica
• Ophrys schulzei (CS. & SE. Turkey to Lebanon and Iran)
• Ophrys scolopax : Woodcock Orchid (Hungary, Medit. to Caucasus).
  • Ophrys scolopax ssp. cornuta : Horned Orchid (Hungary to Turkey). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys scolopax ssp. heldreichii (Greece to SW. Turkey, Cyprus) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys scolopax ssp. scolopax (Medit. to Caucasus) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys sicula : Lesser Yellow Bee Orchid (S. & E. Medit.)
• Ophrys speculum : Mirror Bee Orchid (Medit.)
• Ophrys sphegodes : Early Spider Orchid (W. & S. Europe to Turkey).
  • Ophrys sphegodes ssp. aesculapii (Albania to S. Turkey). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys sphegodes ssp. parnassica (Greece, Crete). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys sphegodes ssp. sphegodes (W. & S. Europe to Crimea). Tuber geophyte

• Ophrys splendida
• Ophrys spruneri (Sicilia to Israel)
  • Ophrys spruneri ssp. panormitana (Sicilia). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys spruneri ssp. spruneri (Greece to Israel) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys sulcata
• Ophrys tenthredinifera (Medit.)
• Ophrys turcomanica (NE. Iran).
• Ophrys umbilicata (WC. Medit. to Iran).
  • Ophrys umbilicata ssp. attica (Corse to Iran).
  • Ophrys umbilicata ssp. umbilicata (E. Medit. to S. Iran). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys vasconica
• Ophrys vernixia (Medit.)
  • Ophrys vernixia ssp. ciliata (Medit.) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys vernixia ssp. orientalis (Greece) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys vernixia ssp. regis-ferdinandii (E. Aegean Is. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys vernixia ssp. vernixia (WC. & S. Portugal, N. Spain).Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys zonata

Natural hybrids

• Ophrys × aghemanii (O. scolopax subsp. cornuta × O. turcomanica) (Iran).
• Ophrys × albertiana (O. apifera × O. holosericea) (Europe).
  • Ophrys × albertiana nothosubsp. albertiana (Europe). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × albertiana nothosubsp. morellensis (O. apifera × O. holoserica ssp. candica) (Italy) Tuber geophyte.

• Ophrys × alibertiana (O. spruneri × O. tenthredinifera) (Crete).
• Ophrys × ambrosii (O. fusca ssp. minima × O. vasconica) (Europe)
• Ophrys × angelensis (O. incubacea × O. promontorii) (Italy).
• Ophrys × anomala (O. maxima × O. scolopax ssp. heldreichii) (Crete)
• Ophrys × apicula (O. insectifera × O. sphegodes ssp. araneola) (Europe).
  • Ophrys × apicula nothosubsp. apicula (Europe). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × apicula nothosubsp. fabrei (O. insectifera subsp. aymoninii × O. sphegodes subsp. arenosa) (Europe). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × argentariensis (O. crabronifera × O. incubacea) (Europe)
• Ophrys × aschersonii (O. holosericea × O. sphegodes) (Europe).
• Ophrys × azurea (O. promontorii × O. pseudobertolonii) (Italy).
• Ophrys × barlae (O. bertolonii × O. incubacea) (S. Europe).
• Ophrys × bastianii (O. magniflora × O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (Europe)
• Ophrys × battandieri (O. fusca × O. lutea) (NW. Africa).
• Ophrys × baumanniana (O. cretica × O. sphegodes) (Crete)
• Ophrys × bayeri (O. fusca × O. omegaifera ssp. fleischmannii) (Cyprus).
• Ophrys × benoitiana (O. incubacea × O. sphegodes ssp. lunulata) (Sicily).
• Ophrys × bergonii (O. saratoi × O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (Europe)
• Ophrys × bernardii (O. aveyronensis × O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (Europe)
• Ophrys × bilineata (O. bertolonii × O. sphegodes) (Europe)
• Ophrys × bodegomii (O. passionis × O. tenthredinifera) (Spain).
• Ophrys × borakisiana (O. fusca × O. mammosa) (E. Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys × borgersiae (O. reinholdii × O. spruneri) (Greece).
• Ophrys × boscoquartensis (O. biscutella × O. sphegodes) (Italy).
• Ophrys × bourlieri (O. iricolor × O. lutea × O. tenthredinifera). (N. Africa).
• Ophrys × braunblanquetiana (O. fusca × O. incubacea) (Corse, Italy).

• Ophrys × broeckii (O. arachnitiformis × O. araneola) (Europe)
• Ophrys × burneriana (O. sphegodes ssp. cretensis × O. spruneri) (Crete)
• Ophrys × campolati (O. promontorii × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy.
• Ophrys × camusii (O. exaltata × O. sphegodes) (Italy).
• Ophrys × carica (O. ferrum-equinum × O. holosericea) (Turkey.
• Ophrys × carpinensis (O. biscutella × O. scolopax ssp. cornuta) (Italy).
• Ophrys × carquierannensis (O. exaltata ssp. arachnitiformis × O. fusca) (France).
• Ophrys × cascalesii (O. sphegodes ssp. araneola × O. passionis) (France).
• Ophrys × chiesesica (O. drumana × O. fuciflora) (Europe)
• Ophrys × chimaera (O. bertolonii × O. sulcata) (Europe)
• Ophrys × chobautii (O. lutea × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (SW. Europe).
• Ophrys × circaea (O. apifera × O. bombyliflora) (Italy).
• Ophrys × clapensis (O. bombyliflora × O. lutea) (France).
• Ophrys × composita (O. scolopax × O. tenthredinifera) (France)
• Ophrys × corcyrensis (O. ferrum-equinum × O. sphegodes) (Greece).
• Ophrys × cortesii (O. incubacea × O. araneola) (France)
• Ophrys × cosana (O. bombyliflora × O. incubacea) (France)
• Ophrys × costei (O. aveyronensis × O. passionis) (France)
• Ophrys × couloniana (O. bertolonii × O. promontorii) (Italy).
• Ophrys × cranbrookeana (O. exaltata ssp. arachnitiformis × O. scolopax) (France).
• Ophrys × cugniensis (O. bertolonii × O. lutea) (Sicilia).
• Ophrys × daneschianum (O. bertoloniiformis × O. tenthredinifera) (France)
• Ophrys × delphinensis (O. argolica × O. scolopax ssp. cornuta) (S. Greece).
• Ophrys × devenensis (O. holosericea × O. insectifera) (Europe).
• Ophrys × diakoptensis (O. delphinensis × O. spruneri) (Greece).
• Ophrys × domitia (O. bombyliflora × O. lutea ssp. pseudospeculum) (France)
• Ophrys × domus-maria (O. apifera var. ? apifera × O. morisii) (France)
• Ophrys × duvigneaudiana (O. araneola × O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (France)
• Ophrys × eliasii (O. fusca × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (S. Europe).
  • Ophrys × eliasii nothosubsp. conimbricensis (O. fusca × O. vernixia) (Portugal) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × eliasii nothosubsp. eliasii (S. Europe). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × emmae (O. bertolonii × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (S. Europe).
• Ophrys × enobarbia (O. bertolonii × O. fuciflora) (France)
• Ophrys × epidavrensis (O. argolica × O. sphegodes ssp. aesculapii) (Greece).
• Ophrys × estacensis (O. fuciflora × O. splendida) (France)
• Ophrys × ettlingeriana (O. argolica × O. umblicata ssp. attica) (Greece).
• Ophrys × extorris (O. holosericea × O. insectifera × O. sphegodes) (Austria).
• Ophrys × fabrei (O. araneola × O. aymoninii) (France)
• Ophrys × fayacensis (O. arachnitiformis × O. provincialis) (France)
• Ophrys × feldwegiana (O. ferrum-equinum × O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
• Ophrys × fernandii (O. bombyliflora × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (France).
• Ophrys × ferruginea (O. fusca × O. holoserica) (Italy).
• Ophrys × flahaultii (O. apifera var. ? apifera × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × flavicans (O. araneola × O. bertolonii) (France)
• Ophrys × gauthieri (O. fusca ssp. fusca × O. lutea ssp. lutea) (France)
• Ophrys × godferyana (O. arachnitiformis × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × grafiana (O. bombyliflora × O. umblicata ssp. attica) (Greece)
• Ophrys × grampinii (O. sphegodes × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy to Sicilia).
• Ophrys × grinincensis (O. provincialis x O. saratoi)
• Ophrys × gumprechtii (O. bertolonii × O. holosericea ssp. parvimaculata) (Italy).
  • Ophrys × gumprechtii nothosubsp. enobarbia (O. bertolonii × O. holosericea) (Italy). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × gumprechtii nothosubsp. gumprechtii (Italy). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × heraultii (O. tenthredinifera × O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Baleares).
• Ophrys × hoeppneri (O. bombyliflora × O. sphegodes) (Italy).
• Ophrys × hybrida (O. insectifera × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × insidiosa (O. aegirtica × O. apifera) (France)
• Ophrys × inzengae (O. bertolonii × O. tenthredinifera) (France)
• Ophrys × jacquetii (O. araneola × O. magniflora) (France)
• Ophrys × jarigei (O. fusca ssp. minima × O. sphegodes)) (France)
• Ophrys × jeanpertii (O. araneola × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × joannae (O. atlantica × O. iricolor) (N. Africa).
• Ophrys × kalteiseniana (O. ferrum-equinum × O. reinholdii) (Greece to Turkey).
• Ophrys × kelleri (O. exaltata subsp. arachnitiformis × O. incubacea) (France to Italy, S. Turkmenistan).
• Ophrys × kohlmuellerorum (O. scolopax ssp. scolopax × O. sulcata) (France)
• Ophrys × kreutziana (O. kotschyi × O. mammosa) (Cyprus).
• Ophrys × kulpensis (O. phrygia × O. schulzei) (Turkey)
• Ophrys × kurzeorum (O. atlantica × O. omegaifera ssp. dyris) (Spain) .
• Ophrys × laconensis (O. arachniiformis × O. tenthredinifera) (France)
• Ophrys × leguerrierae (O. lutea ssp. ? × O. araneola) (France)
• Ophrys × lievreae (O. iricolor × O. tenthredinifera) (N. Africa).
• Ophrys × lithinensis (O. omegaifera × O. sitiaca) (Crete).
• Ophrys × llenasii (O. incubacea × O. scolopax) (SW. Europe).
• Ophrys × luizetii (O. apifera × O. sphegodes ssp. araneola) (France)
• Ophrys × lumenii (O. bertolonii × O. ciliata) (France)
• Ophrys × lupiae (O. bertolonii × O. incubacea × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
• Ophrys × lydia (O. mammosa × O. vernixia ssp. regis-ferdinandii) (Greece to Turkey).
  • Ophrys × lydia nothosubsp. lydia (Turkey). Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × lydia nothosubsp. magnessa (O. mammosa × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × lyrata (O. bertolonii × O. incubacea) (France)
• Ophrys × macchiatii (O. sphegodes × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Sardegna).
• Ophrys × maladroxiensis (O. holosericea × O. morisii) (Sardegna).
  • Ophrys × maladroxiensis nothosubsp. daissiorum (O. holosericea ssp. chestermanii × O. morisii) (Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × maladroxiensis nothosubsp. maladroxiensis (Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × manfredoniae (O. incubacea × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
• Ophrys × maremmae (O. holosericea subsp. fuciflora × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
• Ophrys × marmarensis (O. holosericea × O. umbilicata) (E. Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys × mastii (O. ferrum-equinum × O. spruneri) (Greece).
• Ophrys × methonensis (O. argolica × O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
• Ophrys × minuticauda (O. apifera × O. scolopax) (France, Sardegna).
  • Ophrys × minuticauda nothosubsp. donorensis (O. apifera × O. scolopax ssp. conradiae) (Sardegna).
  • Ophrys × minuticauda nothosubsp. minuticauda (France) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × mirtiae (O. sicula × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece).
• Ophrys × monachorum (O. exaltata × O. fuciflora) (France)
• Ophrys × montis-angeli (O. biscutella × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy)
• Ophrys × montis-leonis (O. arachniformis × O. fuciflora ssp. fuciflora) (France)
• Ophrys × montserratensis (SW. Europe).
  • Ophrys montserratensis nothosubsp. montserratensis (Spain) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys montserratensis nothosubsp. neoruppertii (O. bertolonii × O. scolopax) (France). Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × moreana (O. argolica × O. ferrum-equinum) (Greece).
• Ophrys × morensis (O. incubacea × O. praecox) (Sardegna).
• Ophrys × mulierum (O. mammosa × O. reinholdii) (Greece).
• Ophrys × nelsonii (O. insectifera × O. scolopax) (France).
• Ophrys × neocamusii (O. arachnitiformis × O. aurelia) (France)
• Ophrys × neorupperti (O. aurelia × O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (France)
• Ophrys × neowalteri (O. bertolonii × O. sphegodes ssp. araneola) (France).
• Ophrys × obscura (O. fuciflora ssp. fuciflora × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × olbiensis (O. bombyliflora × O. scolopax) (France).
• Ophrys × panattensis (O. conradiae × O. morisii) (France)
• Ophrys × pano-lefkaron (O. iricolor × O. mammosa) (E. Aegean Is. (Rodos) to Cyprus).
• Ophrys × pantaliciensis (O. incubacea × O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Sicilia).
• Ophrys × paphosiana (O. kotschyi × O. umbilicata) (Cyprus).
• Ophrys × peloponnesiaca (O. argolica × O. mammosa) (Greece).
• Ophrys × peltieri (O. scolopax × O. tenthredinifera) (N. Africa).
• Ophrys × personii (O. lutea × O. tentherdiniffera) (Italy).
• Ophrys × perspicua (O. holosericea × O. phrygia) (Turkey).
• Ophrys × pesseiae (O. morisii × O. panattensis) (Sardegna).
• Ophrys × philippei (O. scolopax × O. sphegodes) (S. Europe).
• Ophrys × pietzschii (O. apifera × O. insectifera) (Europe).
• Ophrys × piscinica (O. incubacea × O. lutea) (Italy).
• Ophrys × plorae (O. cretica × O. spruneri) (Crete).
• Ophrys × poisneliae (O. insectifera ssp. aymoninii × O. pseudobertolonii ssp. catalaunica) (Spain)
• Ophrys × provecta (O. bilunulata × O. omegaifera subsp. dyris) (Spain).
• Ophrys × pseudofunerea (O.funerea × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × pseudofusca (O. fusca × O. sphegodes) (S. Europe)
• Ophrys × pseudoquadriloba (O. lutea × O. mammosa) (Greece).
• Ophrys × pseudospruneri (O. mammosa × O. spruneri) (Greece).
• Ophrys × pugliana (O. holosericea × O. oxyrrhynchos) (Italy).
• Ophrys × quadriloba (O. lutea ssp. lutea × O. sphegodes) (France)
• Ophrys × quintartiana (O. ariadnae × O. ferrum-equinum) (Greece).
• Ophrys × ragusana (O. bombyliflora × O. exaltata) (France)
• Ophrys × raimbaultii (O. incubacea × O. magniflora) (France)
• Ophrys × rainei (O. bombyliflora × O. incubacea) (S. Europe).
• Ophrys × rasbachii (O. argolica × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece).
• Ophrys × rauschertii (O. apifera × O. insectifera × O. sphegodes) (Europe).
• Ophrys × raynaudii (O. argolica × O. reinholdii) (Greece).
• Ophrys × rechingeri (O. ferrum-equinum × O. mammosa) (Greece, Crete).
• Ophrys × regis-minois (O. cretica × O. scolopax ssp. heldreichii) (Crete)
• Ophrys × rovittellii (O. exaltata × O. tenthredinifera) (France)
• Ophrys × royanensis (O. drumana × O. insectifera) (France)
• Ophrys × salvatoris (O. bertolonii × O. biscutella) (Italy).
• Ophrys × samuelii (O. drumana × O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (France)
• Ophrys × sanconoensis (O. exaltata × O. tenthredinifera) (Sicilia).
• Ophrys × sanctae-sofiae (O. iricolor × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Sardegna).
• Ophrys × sancti-leonardi (O. fusca × O. tenthredinifera). (Italy).
• Ophrys × semibombyliflora (O. bombyliflora × O. exaltata ssp. arachniformis) (Italy).
• Ophrys × simica (O. lucis × O. tenthredinifera) (E. Aegean Is.)
• Ophrys × sivana (O. episcopalis × O. holosericea ssp. candica) (Crete to Turkey).
• Ophrys × soller (O. apifera × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Baleares).
• Ophrys × sommieri (O. bombyliflora × O. tenthredinifera) (Medit.)
• Ophrys × sorrentini (O. bertolonii × O. tenthredinifera) (S. Europe).
• Ophrys × spanui (O. annae × O. tenthredinifera) (France)
• Ophrys × spuria (O. bertolonii × O. fusca) (S. Europe).
• Ophrys × stefaniae (O. ferrum-equinum × O. iricolor) (Greece).
• Ophrys × sundermanniana (O. argolica × O. spruneri) (Greece).
• Ophrys × telchinensis (O. ferrum-equinum × O. lucis) (E. Aegean Is.).
• Ophrys × terrae-laboris (O. promontorii × O. sphegodes) (Italy).
• Ophrys × todaroana (O. incubacea × O. sphegodes ?)) (France)
• Ophrys × torrensis (O. argentaria × O. × pseudoscolopax) (Italy).
• Ophrys × triadensis (O. sicula × O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
• Ophrys × tuscanica (O. crabronifera × O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
• Ophrys × tytecana (O. aymoninii × O. insectifera) (France)
• Ophrys × varvarae (O. cretica × O. fusca) (Crete)
• Ophrys × vernonensis (O. biscutella × O. promontorii) (Italy).
• Ophrys × vespertilio (O. apifera × O. bertolonii) (Italy).
• Ophrys × vicina (O. holosericea × O. scolopax) (France, SW. Sardegna).
  • Ophrys × vicina nothosubsp. corriasiana (O. holosericea ssp. chestermanii × O. scolopax ssp. conradiae) (SW. Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
  • Ophrys × vicina nothosubsp. vicina (France) Tuber geophyte
• Ophrys × viglaensis (O. ferum-equinum var. minor × O. pruneri) (Greece)
• Ophrys × vogatsica (O. reinholdii × O. sphegodes) (Greece).
• Ophrys × waldmanniana (O. ferrum-equinum × O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece).
• Ophrys × yvonneae (O. holosericea ssp. apulica × O. incubacea) (Italy).

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