Mark Twain
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At his peak, he was probably the most popular American celebrity of his time. William Faulkner wrote he was "the first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs." Clemens maintained that the name "Mark Twain" came from his years on the riverboat, where two fathoms (12 ft or 3.7 m), or "safe water", was marked by calling "mark twain". But it is often thought that the name actually came from his wilder days in the West, where he would buy two drinks and tell the bar tender to "mark twain" on his tab. Which origin is correct is unknown. In addition to Mark Twain, Clemens used the pseudonym "Sieur Louis de Conte" for his fictionalized biography of Joan of Arc (1896).
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Early life
Sam Clemens was born November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, the third of four surviving children of John and Jane Clemens.
While he was still a baby, the family moved to the river town of Hannibal, Missouri, hoping their fortunes would improve there. It was this town and its inhabitants that the author Mark Twain later put to such imaginative use in his most famous works, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876).
Clemens's father died in 1847, leaving many debts. The oldest son, Orion, soon began publishing a newspaper and Sam began contributing to it as a journeyman printer and occasional writer. Some of the liveliest and most controversial stories in Orion's paper came from the pen of his younger brother--usually when Orion was out of town. Clemens also traveled to St. Louis and New York City to earn a living as a printer.
But the lure of the Mississippi eventually drew Clemens to a career as a steamboat pilot, a profession he later claimed would have held him to the end of his days, recounting his experiences in his book Life on the Mississippi (1883). But the Civil War put an end to commercial steamboat traffic in 1861, and Clemens had to look for a new job.
After a brief stint with a local militia (an experience he recounted in his short story, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" (1885), he escaped further contact with the war by going west in July of 1861 with Orion, who had been appointed secretary to the territorial governor of Nevada. The two traveled for two weeks across the Plains by stagecoach to the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada.
Roughing it Out West
Twain's experiences out West formed him as a writer and became the basis of his second book, Roughing It. In Nevada, Sam Clemens became a miner, hoping to strike it rich digging up silver in the Comstock Lode and staying for long periods in camp with his fellow prospectors--another mode of living that he later put to literary use. Failing as a miner, he fell into newspaper work in Virginia City for the Territorial Enterprise, where he adapted the pen name "Mark Twain" for the first time. In 1864, he moved down to San Francisco and wrote for several papers there.
In 1865, Twain had his first literary success. At the behest of humorist Artemus Ward (whom he had met and befriended in Virginia City during Ward's lecture tour of 1863), he submitted a humorous short story for a collection Ward was publishing. The story arrived too late for that book, but the publisher passed it to the Saturday Press. That story, originally entitled "Jim Smiley and his Jumping Frog" but now better known as "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was reprinted nationwide, and called by Atlantic Monthly editor James Russell Lowell "the finest piece of humorous literature yet produced in America."
In the spring of 1866 he was commissioned by the Sacramento Union newspaper to travel to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) to write a series of letters reporting on his journey there. On his return to San Francisco, the success of the letters and the personal encouragement of Colonel John McComb (publisher of San Francisco's Alta California newspaper) led him to try his hand at the lecture circuit, renting the Academy of Music and charging a dollar a head admission. "Doors open at 7 o'clock," Twain wrote on the advertising poster. "The trouble to begin at 8 o'clock."
The first lecture was a wild success, and soon Twain was travelling up and down the state, lecturing and entertaining packed houses.
First book
But it was another trip that established his fame as an author. Twain convinced the Col. McComb of the Alta California to pay for Twain's passage aboard the steam packet Quaker City on an American excursion to Europe and the Middle East. The resulting letters Twain produced for the newspaper reporting on the trip formed the basis of his first book, The Innocents Abroad, a large and humorous travelogue that pointedly failed to worship Old World arts and conventions. Sold by subscription, the book became hugely popular and put its author in a spotlight he never willingly relinquished for the rest of his life.
After the success of Innocents he married Olivia Langdon in 1870 and moved to Buffalo, New York, then to Hartford, Connecticut. During this period, he lectured often in the United States and England.
Later he wrote as an avid critic of American society. He wrote about politics with his Life on the Mississippi.
Career overview
Twain's greatest contribution to American literature is often considered Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ernest Hemingway said:
- "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. ...all American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since."
Also popular are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and the non-fictional Life on the Mississippi.
Twain began as a writer of light humorous verse; he ended as a grim, almost profane chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and acts of killing committed by mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism in a way almost unrivaled in world literature.
Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech, and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature, built on American themes and language.
Twain had a fascination with science and scientific inquiry. Twain developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla. They spent quite a bit of time together from time to time (in Tesla's laboratory, among other places). A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court featured a time traveller from the America of Twain's day who used his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. Twain also patented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments.
Twain was a major figure in the American Anti-Imperialist League, which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States. He wrote "Incident in the Philippines", posthumously published in 1924, in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed.
In recent years, there have been occasional attempts to ban Huckleberry Finn from various libraries, because Twain's use of local color offends some people. Although Twain was against racism and imperialism far in front of public sentiment of his time, some with only superficial familiarity of his work have condemned it as racist for its accurate depiction of the language in common use in the United States in the 19th century. Expressions that were used casually and unselfconsciously then are often perceived today as racism (in present times, such racial epithets are far more visible and condemned). Twain himself would probably be amused by these attempts; in 1885, when a library in Massachusetts banned the book, he wrote to his publisher, "They have expelled Huck from their library as 'trash suitable only for the slums', that will sell 25,000 copies for us for sure."
Many of Mark Twain's works have been suppressed at times for one reason or another. 1880 saw the publication of an anonymous slim volume entitled 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. Twain was among those rumored to be the author, but the issue was not settled until 1906, when Twain acknowledged his literary paternity of this scatological masterpiece.
Twain at least saw 1601 published during his lifetime. Twain wrote an anti-war article entitled The War Prayer during the Spanish-American War. It was submitted for publication, but on March 22, 1905, Harper's Bazaar rejected it as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later, Twain wrote to his friend Dan Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Mark Twain could not publish "The War Prayer" elsewhere and it remained unpublished until 1923.
In his later life Twain's family suppressed some of his work which was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until 1942. The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916.
Perhaps most controversial of all was Mark Twain's 1879 humorous talk at the Stomach Club in Paris entitled Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism (masturbation), which concluded with the thought "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don't play a lone hand too much." This talk was not published until 1943, and then only in a limited edition of fifty copies.
Later life and friendship with Henry H. Rogers
Samuel_L_Clemens,_1909.jpg
Twain's fortunes then began to decline; in his later life, Twain was a very depressed man, but still capable. Following the erroneous publication of a premature obituary in the New York Journal, Twain famously responded: "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated" (June 2nd 1897).
He lost 3 out of 4 of his children, and his beloved wife, Olivia Langdon, before his death in 1910. He also had some very bad times with his businesses. His publishing company ended up going bankrupt, and he lost thousands of dollars on one typesetting machine that was never finished. He also lost a great deal of revenue on royalties from his books being plagiarized before he even had a chance to publish them himself.
In 1893, Twain was introduced to industrialist Henry H. Rogers, one of the principals of Standard Oil. Rogers reorganized Twain's tangled finances, and the two became close friends for the rest of their lives. Rogers' family became Twain's surrogate family and he was a frequent guest at the Rogers townhouse in New York City and summer home in Fairhaven, Massachusetts. They were drinking and poker buddies. In 1907, they traveled together in Rogers' yacht Kanawha to the Jamestown Exposition held at Sewell's Point near Norfolk, Virginia in celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown Colony. Although by this late date he was in marginal health, in April, 1909, Twain returned to Norfolk with Rogers, and was a guest speaker at the dedication dinner held for the newly completed Virginian Railway, a "Mountains to Sea" engineering marvel of the day. The construction of the new railroad had been solely financed by industrialist Rogers.
Rogers died suddenly in New York less than two months later. Twain, on his way by train from Connecticut to visit Rogers, was met with the news at Grand Central Station the same morning by his daughter. His grief-stricken reaction was widely reported. He served as one of the pall-bearers at the Rogers funeral in New York later that week. When he declined to ride the funeral train from New York on to Fairhaven, Massachusetts for the internment, he stated that he could not undertake to travel that distance among those whom he knew so well, and with whom he must of necessity join in conversation.
While Twain openly credited Rogers with saving him from financial ruin, there is also substantial evidence in their published correspondence that the close friendship in their later years was mutually beneficial, apparently softening at least somewhat the hard-driving industrialist Rogers, who had apparently earned the nickname "Hell Hound Rogers" when helping build Standard Oil earlier in his career. During the years of their friendship, Rogers helped finance the education of Helen Keller and made substantial contributions to Dr. Booker T. Washington. After Rogers' death, it was revealed in Dr. Washington’s papers that Rogers had funded many small country schools and institutions of higher education in the South for the betterment and education of African Americans.
Twain himself died less than one year later. He wrote in 1909, "I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it." And so he did.
Museums and attractions
Twain's Hartford, Connecticut home is a museum and National Historic Landmark, known as The Mark Twain House (http://www.marktwainhouse.org/). Twain also lived in the latter part of the 19th century in Elmira, New York where he had met his wife, and had many close ties. He and many members of his family lie buried in a wooded knoll in Woodlawn National Cemetery there. A small octagonal study, given to him as a gift when he lived at Quarry Farm east of Elmira and in which he wrote parts or all of several works, is now located on the grounds of Elmira College.
The small town of Hannibal, Missouri is another town that features many Mark Twain attractions including a boyhood house of his and the caves he used to explore that feature in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
An American steam-powered paddle boat travelling the Rivers of America attraction at Disneyland is named after Mark Twain.
An animatronic Mark Twain and Benjamin Franklin host the American Adventure show at Epcot.
Mark Twain as a character
- Hal Holbrook famously portrayed Mark Twain in a one-man show on stage and on television
- Sam Clemens is a character in Philip José Farmer's Riverworld.
- The journalist Clemens makes an appearance in Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman, in issue #31, "Three Septembers and a January", where he is proclaimed Royal Storyteller by the Emperor of the United States, Norton I.
- Samuel Clemens is a character in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes "Time's Arrow", parts I and II. (Portrayed by actor Jerry Hardin; who also appeared as "Deep Throat" in the X-Files TV series). Ref: IMDB: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0362222/
- Samuel Clemens appears as a viewpoint character in Harry Turtledove's book How Few Remain.
- Robert A. Heinlein modeled the father of Maureen in To Sail Beyond the Sunset after Mark Twain.
- Major character in The Adventures of Mark Twain, a film in claymation by Will Vinton Studios.
- Samuel Clemens arrives in Virginia City, Nevada, in an episode of Bonanza as a reporter who causes some trouble for the Cartwrights.
Bibliography
- (1867) The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (fiction)
- (1869) Innocents Abroad (non-fiction travel)
- (1871) Autobiography and First Romance (fiction)
- (1872) Roughing It (non-fiction)
- (1873) The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (fiction)
- (1875) Sketches New and Old (fictional stories)
- (1876) Old Times on the Mississippi (non-fiction)
- (1876) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (fiction)
- (1877) A True Story and the Recent Carnival of Crime (stories)
- (1878) Punch, Brothers, Punch! and other Sketches (fictional stories)
- (1880) A Tramp Abroad (non-fiction travel)
- (1880) 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors (fiction)
- (1882) The Prince and the Pauper (fiction)
- (1883) Life on the Mississippi (non-fiction)
- (1884) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (fiction)
- (1889) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (fiction)
- (1892) The American Claimant (fiction)
- (1892) Merry Tales (fictional stories)
- (1893) The #1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories (fictional stories)
- (1894) Tom Sawyer Abroad (fiction)
- (1894) Pudd'n'head Wilson (fiction)
- (1896) Tom Sawyer Detective (fiction)
- (1896) Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (fiction)
- (1897) How to Tell a Story and other Essays (non-fictional essays)
- (1897) Following the Equator (non-fiction travel)
- (1900) The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (fiction)
- (1901) Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany (political satire)
- (1902) A Double Barrelled Detective Story' (fiction)
- (1904) A Dog's Tale (fiction)
- (1905) King Leopold's Soliloquy (political satire)
- (1905) The War Prayer (fiction)
- (1906) The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories (fiction)
- (1906) What Is Man? (essay)
- (1907) Christian Science (non-fiction)
- (1907) A Horse's Tale (fiction)
- (1907) Is Shakespeare Dead? (non-fiction)
- (1909) Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven (fiction)
- (1909) Letters from the Earth (fiction, published posthumously)
- (1916) The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, published posthumously)
- (1924) Mark Twain's Autobiography (non-fiction, published posthumously)
See also
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External links
- Ever the Twain Shall Meet (http://users.telerama.com/~joseph/mtwain.html), A guide to Mark Twain on the Web
- Web directory of Mark Twain e-texts (http://dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/American/19th_Century/Twain,_Mark/Works/) from DMOZ
- The Works of Mark Twain (http://www.mtwain.com), Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Twain's works.
- Template:Gutenberg author. More than 60 texts are freely available.
- Complete Works of Mark Twain (http://mark-twain.classic-literature.co.uk/)
- Works of Mark Twain with Photos (http://www.quotabletwain.com/)
- Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning (http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/dept/Courses/E-24/E-24Projects/Krumme1.pdf) (PDF)
- Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies (http://www.elmira.edu/academics/ar_marktwain.shtml)
- Full text of the biography Mark Twain (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/6873) by Archibald Henderson
- Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in Virginia (http://www.twainquotes.com/TwainRogersVA.html) excerpts from their trips together to the 1907 Jamestown Exposition and the 1909 Dedication of the Virginian Railway
- Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893-1909 (http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/1166.htm)
- Biography and quotes of Mark Twain (http://atheisme.free.fr/Biographies/Twain_e.htm)
- 13 Works from Mark Twain (http://selfknowledge.com/435au.htm)
- Mark Twain Fountain Pen History (http://www.kamakurapens.com/WirtTwain.html) (information about fountain pens used by mark Twain)
- Mark Twain quotes (http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/mark_twain/)
- Tappan Hill - Former Residence in Tarrytown, NY (http://tourism.westchestergov.com/attractions/TourismDetailRecord2New.asp?lngOrgID=1198&strCategoryDescription=Attractions)
Patent
- US121992 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=121992.WKU.&OS=PN/121992&RS=PN/121992) -- Improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garmentsbg:Марк Твен
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