List of state leaders in 1978
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Africa
- Algeria -
- Angola -
- President - António Agostinho Neto, President of Angola (1975-1979)
- Prime Minister -
- Lopo do Nascimento, Prime Minister of Angola (1975-9 December 1978)
- Position eliminated
- Burundi
- President - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, President of Burundi (1976-1987)
- Prime Minister -
- Édouard Nzambimana, Prime Minister of Burundi (1976-1978)
- Position eliminated
- Djibouti -
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (1977-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Ethiopia - Mengistu Haile Mariam, Chairmen of the Provisional Military Administrative Council (1977-1987), President of Ethiopia (1987-1991)
- Gabon
- President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967-present)
- Prime Minister - Léon Mébiame, Prime Minister of Gabon (1975-1994)
- Guinea
- President - Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of Guinea (1958-1984)
- Prime Minister - Louis Lansana Beavogui, Prime Minister of Guinea (1972-1984)
- Kenya -
- Liberia - William R. Tolbert, Jr., President of Liberia (1971-1980)
- Rhodesia -
- President -
- John Wrathall, President of Rhodesia (1976-1978)
- Henry Everard, acting President of Rhodesia (1978)
- Jack William Pithey, acting President of Rhodesia (1978-1979)
- Prime Minister - Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1965-1979)
- President -
- Rwanda - Juvénal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda (1973-1994)
- Somalia - Muhammad Siad Barre, President of Somalia (1969 - 1991)
- Uganda - Idi Amin, President of Uganda (1971-1979)
- Zambia
- President - Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia (1964-1991)
- Prime Minister -
Asia
- Afghanistan
- President -
- Prime Minister - Nur Mohammad Taraki, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1978-1979)
- Brunei - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)
- People's Republic of China
- De facto Head of State -
- Vice Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1976-1978)
- Ye Jianying, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1978-1983)
- Premier - Hua Guofeng, Premier of the State Council (1976-1980)
- Head of Communist Party - Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party of China (1976-1981)
- De facto leader - Deng Xiaoping (late 1970s - early 1990s)
- De facto Head of State -
- India -
- President - Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (1977-1982)
- Prime Minister - Morarji Desai, Prime Minister of India (1977-1979)
- Japan
- Monarch - Showa Emperor, Emperor of Japan (1926-1989)
- Prime Minister -
- South Korea -
- President - Park Chunghee, President of the Republic of Korea (1963-1979)
- Prime Minister - Choi Kyu-hah, Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (1975-1979)
- Malaysia
- Nepal
- Monarch - Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
- Prime Minister - Kirti Nidhi Bista, Prime Minister of Nepal (1977-1979)
- Pakistan -
- President -
- Head of Government - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Chief Martial Law Administrator (1977-1985)
- Singapore -
- President - Benjamin Sheares, President of Singapore (1971-1981)
- Prime Minister - Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (1959-1990)
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
Australia and Oceania
- Australia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952-present)
- Governor-General - Sir Zelman Cowen, Governor-General of Australia (1977-1982)
- Prime Minister - Malcolm Fraser, Prime Minister of Australia (1975-1983)
- New Zealand
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952-present)
- Governor-General - Sir Keith Holyoake, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1977-1980)
- Prime Minister - Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1975-1984)
- Tuvalu
- Became independent member of Commonwealth of Nations, 1 October
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978-present)
- Governor-General - Fiatau Penitala Teo, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1978-1986)
- Prime Minister - Toaripi Lauti, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (1978-1981)
Europe
- Denmark
- Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972-present)
- Prime Minister - Anker Jřrgensen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1975-1982)
- Finland
- President - Urho Kekkonen (1956-1981)
- Prime Minister - Kalevi Sorsa (1972-1975, 1977-1979, 1982-1987)
- France -
- President - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (1974-1981)
- Prime Minister - Raymond Barre, Prime Minister of France (1976-1981)
- Federal Republic of Germany -
- President - Walter Scheel, President of the Federal Republic of Germany (1974-1979)
- Chancellor - Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1974-1982)
- German Democratic Republic -
- Communist Party Leader - Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1971-1989)
- Head of State - Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State (1976-1989)
- Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1976-1989)
- Ireland -
- President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976-1990)
- Prime Minister - Jack Lynch, Taoiseach (1977-1979)
- Italy
- President -
- Prime Minister - Giulio Andreotti, Prime Minister of Italy (1976-1979)
- Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Edward Gierek, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1970-1980)
- Head of State - Council of State, Chairman - Henryk Jabłoński (1972-1985)
- Premier - Piotr Jaroszewicz, President of the Council of Ministers (1970-1980)
- United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952-present)
- Prime Minister - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1976-1979)
- Vatican City
- Pope -
- Secretary of State - Jean-Marie Cardinal Villot, Cardinal Secretary of State (1969-1979)
Middle East
- Egypt
- President - Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt (1970-1981)
- Prime Minister -
- Israel -
- President -
- Prime Minister - Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel (1977-1983)
- Oman - Qaboos Bin Said, Sultan of Oman (1970-)
- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
- President -
- Prime Minister - Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime Minister of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1971-1986)
- Yemen Arab Republic
- President -
- Prime Minister - Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic (1975-1980)
North America and the Caribbean
- Canada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952-present)
- Governor General - Jules Léger, Governor General of Canada (1974-1979)
- Prime Minister - Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (1968-1979) (1980-1984)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- President - Ellis Clarke, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1976-1987)
- Prime Minister - Eric Williams, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1956-1981)
- United States - Jimmy Carter, President of the United States (1977-1981)