List of philosophers

Philosophers (and non-philosophers important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Contents: Top - 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Pietro d'Abano, (1250?-1316)
Firmin Abauzit, (1679-1767)
Nicola Abbagnano, (1901-1990)
Muhammad Abduh, (1849-1905)^R
Jacob Friedrich von Abel, (1751-1829)
Pierre Ab鬡rd (or Peter Abelard), (1079-1142)^C^O^R
John Abercrombie, (1780-1844)
Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975 - 1025)^R
Johann Heinrich Abicht, (1762-1816)
Isaac ben Judah Abravanel, (1437-1508)^C^R
Judah ben Isaac Abravanel, (1460?-1535?)^C^R
Alessandro Achillini, (1463-1512)
Uriel Acosta, (1585-1640)
H. B. Acton, (1908-1974)
Adam Parvipontanus, (d. 1181)
Marilyn McCord Adams, (born 1943)^O
Robert Adams, (born 1937)^O
Robert Adamson, (1852-1902)
Adelard of Bath, (12th century)^C
Mortimer Adler, (1902-2001)
Theodor Adorno, (1903-1969)^C^O^R
Aedesius, (d. 355)
Aenesidemus, (1st century BC)^R
Sediq Afghan
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839-1897)^R
Giorgio Agamben
Rodolphus Agricola, (1443-1485)^R
Agrippa the Sceptic, (1st/2nd century)^R
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, (1436-1535)^R
Pierre d'Ailly, (1350-1420)^C^R
Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890-1963)^O^R
Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817-1860)
Alain de Lille, (c. 1128-1202)
Albert of Saxony (c. 1316-1390)^C^R
Leone Battista Alberti, (1404-1472)
Albertus Magnus (or Saint Albert the Great or Albert of Cologne), (1193?-1280)^C^O^R
Albinus (c. 130)
Joseph Albo, (1380-1444)^O^R
Rogers Albritton
Alcibiades, (c. 450-404 BC)
Alcinous, (2nd century)^R
Alcmaeon of Croton, (5th century BC)^O^R
Virgil C. Aldrich, (1903-1998)^O
Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno, (1433-1504)^R
Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, (1912-1999)
Alexander of Aphrodisias, (2nd century)^C^R
Alexander of Hales, (d. 1245)^C^R
Gerda Alexander
Samuel Alexander, (1859-1938)^C^O^R
Robert Alexy, (born 1945)
Francesco Algarotti, (1712-1764)
Dante Alighieri, (1265-1321)^O^R
Archibald Alison, (1757-1839)^R
William Alston, (born 1921)^C^O
Louis Althusser, (1918-1990)^C^O^R
Bhimrao Ambedkar, (1891-1956)^R
Ambrose, (c. 340-397)^C
Henri-Fr餩ric Amiel, (1821-1881)
Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri, (d. 992)^R
Ammonius Hermiae, (5th century)^R
Ammonius Saccas, (3rd century)^C
Anton Wilhelm Amo, (1703-c. 1759)^R
Anacharsis, (6th century BC)
Anandavardhana, (820-890)
Anaxagoras, (died 462 BC)^C^O^R
Anaxarchus, (fl. 340 BC)^R
Anaxilaus, (1st century BC)
Anaximander, (609 BC,610 BC-c. 547 BC)^C^O^R
Anaximenes of Miletus^C^O^R
Anaxiphales, (c. 337 BC)
Alan Ross Anderson, (1925-1973)^O
John Anderson, (1893-1962)^O^R
Andronicus of Rhodes, (c. 70 BC)^C
Anniceris, (fl. 300 BC)^C
G. E. M. Anscombe, (1918-2001)^C^O^R
Anselm, (1034-1109)^C^O^R
Antiochus of Ascalon, (c. 130-68 BC)^C^O^R
Antiphon, (480-403 BC)^R
Antisthenes, (c. 444-365)^O^R
Karl-Otto Apel
Apollonius of Tyana, (2-98)
Anthony Appiah
Apuleius, (c. 123-c. 180)^R
Thomas Aquinas, (1225-1274)^C^O^R
Isaac ben Moses Arama, (1420-1494)^R
Arcesilaus, (316-241 BC)^C^O^R
Archimedes, (d. 212 BC)
Archytas, (428-347 BC)^C^R
Roberto Ardigo, (1828-1920)
Hannah Arendt, (1906-1975)^C^O^R
Aristides, (fl. 2nd century)
Aristippus the Elder of Cyrene, (c. 435-366 BC)^O^R
Ariston of Chios, (fl. 250 BC)^R
Aristotle, (384 BC-322 BC)^C^O^R
Aristoxenus, (4th century BC)
Arius, (256-336)
Jacobus Arminius, (1560-1609)^C
David Malet Armstrong, (born 1926)^C^O^R
Antoine Arnauld, (1612-1694)^C^O^R
Raymond Aron, (1905-1983)
Kenneth Arrow, (born 1921)^O
Asclepiades
Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894-1975)^R
Aspasius, (c. 100-150)
Georg Anton Friedrich Ast, (1778-1841)
Mary Astell, (1666-1731)^C^R
Athanasius of Alexandria, (298-373)^C
Titus Pomponius Atticus, (110-32 BC)
Augustine of Hippo, (354-430)^C^O^R
Marcus Aurelius, (121-180)^C^O^R
Peter Aureol, (c. 1280-1322)^R
Sri Aurobindo, (1872-1950)^O^R
John Austin, (1790-1859)^C^O^R
John Langshaw Austin, (1911-1960)^C^O^R
Richard Avenarius, (1843-1896)^C^O^R
Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), (1126-1198)^C^O^R
Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), (980-1037)^C^O^R
Alfred Jules Ayer, (1910-1989)^C^O^R
Pierre Hyacinthe Azais, (1766-1845)

B

Franz Xaver von Baader, (1765-1841)
Charles Babbage, (1791-1871)^C
Gaston Bachelard, (1884-1962)^C^O^R
Francis Bacon, (1561-1626)^C^O^R
Roger Bacon, (1214-1294)^C^O^R
Alain Badiou, (born 1937)
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi, (1080-1165)^R
Annette Baier, (born 1929)^O
Kurt Baier, (born 1917)^O
Alexander Bain, (1818-1903)^C^O
Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895-1975)^C^O^R
Mikhail Bakunin, (1814-1876)^C^O^R
James Mark Baldwin, (1861-1934)
John Balguy, (1686-1748)
ɴienne Balibar
Pierre-Simon Ballanche, (1776-1847)
Domingo Bᱥz, (1528-1604)^C^R
Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, (1070-1136)^R
Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, (1915-1975)
Christoph Gottfried Bardili, (1761-1808)
Jonathan Barnes, (born 1942)^O
Brian Barry, (born 1936)^O
Karl Barth, (1886-1968)^O^R
Jules Barth鬥my-Saint-Hilaire, (1805-1895)
Roland Barthes, (1915-1980)^C^R
Bartolus de Saxoferrato, (1313-1357)^R
Jon Barwise, (1942-2000)
Jacques Barzun, (born 1907)
Basilides, (c. 117-138)^C
Sebastiano Basso, (16th century)
Georges Bataille, (1897-1962)^C^R
Jean Baudrillard, (born 1929) ^R
Bruno Bauer, (1809-1882)^O^R
David Baumgardt, (1890-1963)^R
Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, (1714-1762)^C^R
Pierre Bayle, (1647-1706)^C^O^R
Monroe Beardsley, (1915-1985)
James Beattie, (1735-1803)^C^R
Jean Beaufret, (1907-1982)
Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, (1738-1794)^C
Don Beck
Jacob Sigismund Beck, (1761-1840)^R
Oskar Becker
Hamdija Begovic
Vissarion Belinsky, (1811-1848)^R
Nuel Belnap, (born 1930)^O
Paul Benacerraf
Julien Benda, (1867-1956)
Friedrich Eduard Beneke, (1798-1854)^C
Walter Benjamin, (1892-1940)^O^R
Jonathan F. Bennett, (born 1930)^O
Geoffrey Bennington
Jeremy Bentham, (1748-1832)^C^O^R
Richard Bentley, (1662-1742)^R
Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874-1948)^C^O^R
Gustav Bergmann, (1906-1987)^C^O
Henri Bergson, (1859-1941)^C^O^R
George Berkeley, (1685-1753)^C^O^R
Isaiah Berlin, (1909-1997)^C^O^R
Bernard of Chartres, (d. 1130)^C
Bernard of Clairvaux, (1090-1153)^C^R
Bernard Silvestris (or Bernard of Tours), (1147-1178)^R
Fran篩s Bernier, (1620-1688)^R
Eduard Bernstein, (1850-1932)^R
Homi Bhabha, (born 1949)
Bhartrhari, (5th century)^R
Roy Bhaskar, (born 1944)
Gabriel Biel, (1425-1495)^R
Hugh Binning, (1627-1653)
Harry Binswanger, (born 1944)
Nathan Birnbaum, (1864-1937)
Max Black, (1909-1988)^O
Simon Blackburn, (born 1944)^O
William Blackstone, (1723-1780)^R
Hugh Blair, (1718-1800)^R
Maurice Blanchot, (1907-2003)^R
Brand Blanshard, (1892-1987)^O
Blasius of Parma (or Biagio Pelacani da Parma), (1345-1416)^R
Ernst Bloch, (1885-1977)^C^O^R
Ned Block, (born 1942)^O
Maurice Blondel, (1861-1949)^C
Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832-1919)
Allan Bloom, (1930-1992)
Blossius, (2nd century BC)
Hermann Blumenau, (1819-1899)
Norberto Bobbio, (1909-2004)^O^R
Jozef Maria Bochenski, (1902-1995)
Jean Bodin, (1530-1596)^C^O^R
Anicius Manlius Severinus Bo봨ius, (AD 480-524 or 525)^C^O^R
Bo봨ius of Dacia, (c. 1240-c. 1280)^R
Alexander Bogdanov, (1873-1928)^O^R
Jakob B?, (1575-1624)^C^R
Niels Bohr, (1885-1962)^O^R
Hilary Bok
Samuel Bold, (1649-1737)^R
Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844-1906)^C^O
Bernard Bolzano, (1781-1848)^C^O^R
Bonaventure, (1221-1274)^C^O^R
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, (1906-1945)^R
Laurence BonJour
Charles Bonnet, (1720-1793)^R
John Elof Boodin, (1869-1950)
George Boole, (1815-1864)^O^R
George Boolos, (1940-1996)
Bernard Bosanquet, (1848-1923)^C^O^R
Rudjer Boscovich, (1711-1787)^C
Pierre Bourdieu, (1930-2002)^R
Emile Boutroux, (1845-1921)^R
Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898-1978)^C
Borden Parker Bowne, (1847-1910)^R
Robert Boyle, (1627-1691)^C^O^R
F. H. Bradley, (1846-1924)^C^O^R
Thomas Bradwardine, (c. 1290-1349)^R
Richard-Bevan Braithwaite, (1900-1990)^O
Robert Brandom
Richard B. Brandt, (1910-1997)^C^O
Nathan Braun
Franz Brentano, (1838-1917)^C^O^R
Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882-1961)^O^R
Edgar S. Brightman, (1884-1953)^O
Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, (1755-1826)^O
Richard Brinkley, (fl. 1350-1373)^R
Radulphus Brito, (c. 1270-c. 1320)^R
C. D. Broad, (1887-1971)^C^O^R
Stephen Bronner, (born 1949)
Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881-1966)^C^O
Thomas Brown, (1778-1820)^R
Bryn Browne
Peter Browne, (1666-1735)^R
Thomas Browne, (1605-1682)
Orestes Brownson, (1803-1876)^O
Constantin Brunner, (1862-1937)
Emil Brunner, (1889-1966)^R
Giordano Bruno, (1548-1600)^C^O^R
Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)^C^O^R
James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838-1922)^R
Martin Buber, (1878-1965)^C^O^R
Justus Buchler, (1914-1991)^O
Ludwig B?, (1824-1899)^R
Malcolm Budd, (born 1941)^O
Buddhaghosa, (5th century)^C
Claude Buffier, (1661-1737)^R
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, (1707-1788)^R
Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871-1944)^R
Rudolf Bultmann, (1884-1976)^O^R
Mario Bunge, (born 1919)
Jacob Burckhardt, (1818-1897)^O
Tyler Burge, (born 1946)^O
Jean Buridan, (1300-1358)^C^O^R
Edmund Burke, (1729-1797)^C^O^R
Walter Burley, (c. 1275-c. 1345)^C^R
John Burnheim
Myles Frederic Burnyeat, (born 1939)^O
Richard Burthogge, (1638-1704)^R
Joseph Butler, (1692-1752)^C^O^R
Judith Butler, (born 1956)
Samuel Butler, (1835-1902)^O

C

Pierre Jean George Cabanis, (1757-1808)^R
Am�ar Cabral, (1924-1973)^R
Cai Yuanpei, (1868-1940)
Edward Caird, (1835-1908)^C
Thomas Cajetan, (1469-1534)^C^O^R
Calcidius, (4th century)^R
Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863-1930)
Callicles, (late 5th century BC)^R
John Calvin, (1509-1564)^C^R
Tommaso Campanella, (1568-1639)^C^O^R
George Campbell, (1719-1796)^R
Norman Robert Campbell, (1880-1949)^C^R
Albert Camus, (1913-1960)^C^O^R
Georges Canguilhem, (1904-1995)^C
Georg Cantor, (1845-1918)^C^O^R
Johannes Capreolus, (1380-1444)^R
John D. Caputo, (born 1940)
Gerolamo Cardano, (1501-1576)^R
Thomas Carlyle, (1795-1881)^C^R
Gershom Carmichael, (c. 1672-1729)^R
Rudolf Carnap, (1891-1970)^C^O^R
Carneades, (c. 214-129 BC)^O^R
Lewis Carroll, (1832-1898)^C^O^R
Nancy Cartwright (born 1943)^O
Paul Carus, (1852-1919)
Ernst Cassirer, (1874-1945)^C^O^R
Hector-Neri Casta񥤡, (1924-1991)^C
Carlo Cattaneo, (1801-1869)^R
Stanley Cavell, (born 1926)^C^O^R
Margaret Cavendish, (1623-1673)^C^R
Cebes
Celsus of Alexandria, (2nd century)^C^R
Michel de Certeau, (1925-1986)^R
Andrea Cesalpino, (1519-1603)
Petr Iakovlevich Chaadev, (1794-1856)^R
Chaerephon
David Chalmers, (born 1966)
Heinrich Moritz Chalyb䵳, (1796-1862)
Timothy Chambers
Rafe Champion
Chanakya (or Kautilya) (321-296 BC)^R
Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (or Zhang Xuecheng), (1738-1801)^C
Chang Tsai (or Zhang Zai), (1020-1077)^R
Walter Charleton, (1619-1707)^R
Pierre Charron, (1541-1603)^C^R
Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868-1951)
Walter Chatton, (1290-1343)^R
Haridas Chaudhuri, (1913-1975)
Ch'en Hsien-chang, (1428-1500)^C
Cheng Hao (or Ch'eng Ming-Tao), (1032-1085)^C^R
Cheng Hsuan (or Zheng Xuan), (127-200)^R
Cheng Yi (or Ch'eng Yi Chu'an), (1033-1107)^C^R
Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828-1889)^R
Chia Yi (or Jia Yi or Chia I), (201-169 BC)^C^R
Chiao Hung, (1540-1620)^C
Ch'ien Mu, (1895-1990)^C
Chih Tun (or Zhi Dun) (314-366)^R
William Chillingworth, (1602-1644)^R
Roderick Chisholm, (1916-1999)^C^O^R
Noam Chomsky, (born 1928)^C^O^R
Tasan Ch?Yagyong, (1762-1836)^R
Chou Tun-Yi (or Zhou Dunyi or Chou Lien-Hsi or Zhou Lianxi), (1017-1073)^C^R
Christine de Pizan, (c. 1365-c. 1430)^R
Andrea Christofidou
Chrysanthius, (4th century)
Chrysippus, (279-207 BC)^O^R
Manuel Chrysoloras, (c. 1355-1415)
Alonzo Church, (1903-1995)^C^O^R
Patricia Churchland, (born 1943)^C
Paul Churchland, (born 1942)^C^O
Leon Chwistek, (1884-1944)
Cicero, (106 BC-43 BC)^C^O^R
August Cieszkowski, (1814-1894)^R
H鬨ne Cixous, (born 1937)^R
Clarembald of Arras, (1110-1187)^R
Andy Clark
Samuel Clarke, (1675-1729)^C^O^R
Johannes Clauberg, (1622-1665)^R
Cleanthes, (301-232 BC)^R
Clement of Alexandria, (2nd-3rd century)^C^R
Cleobulus
Cleomedes, (2nd century)^R
William Kingdon Clifford, (1845-1879)^C^O
Catherine Trotter Cockburn, (1679-1749)^C^R
David Cockburn
G.A. Cohen, (born 1941)^O
Hermann Cohen, (1842-1918)^C^O^R
L. Jonathan Cohen, (born 1923)^O
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (1772-1834)^O^R
Lucio Colletti, (1924-2001)^O
Arthur Collier, (1680-1732)^C^R
R. G. Collingwood, (1889-1943)^C^O^R
Anthony Collins, (1676-1729)^O^R
John Comenius, (1592-1670)^O^R
Auguste Comte, (1798-1857)^C^O^R
Andr頃omte-Sponville, (born 1952)
Marcel Conche
Gerhard Anna Concic-Kaucic, (born 1959)
ɴienne Bonnot de Condillac, (1715-1780)^C^O^R
Marquis de Condorcet, (1743-1794)^C^R
Confucius, (551 BC - 479 BC)^C^O^R
Benjamin Constant, (1767-1830)^C^O^R
Lady Anne Finch Conway, (1631-1679)^C^O^R
Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838-1901)
Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877-1947)
Nicolaus Copernicus, (1473-1543)^O^R
Frederick Copleston, (1907-1994)
Geraud de Cordemoy, (1626-1684)^C^R
Hans Cornelius, (1863-1947)
Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801-1877)^C^R
Victor Cousin, (1792-1867)^C^R
Louis Couturat, (1868-1914)^C^O
Chris Cowan
William Lane Craig, (born 1949)
Johann Ulrich von Cramer, (1706-1772)
Crantor, (4th century BC)
Crates of Thebes, (4th century BC)
William Crathorn, (14th century)^R
Cratylus of Athens, (c. 400 BC)^O^R
James Edwin Creighton, (1861-1924)
Johannes Crellius, (1590-1633)
Hasdai Crescas, (c. 1340-1410)^C^O^R
Benedetto Croce, (1866-1952)^C^O^R
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz, (1663-1750)
Christian August Crusius, (1715-1775)^C^R
Ralph Cudworth, (1617-1688)^O^R
Nathaniel Culverwel, (1633-1651)^R
Richard Cumberland, (1631?-1718)^C^R
Cyril of Alexandria, (376-444)
Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889-1981)
Heinrich Czolbe, (1819-1873)^C

D

Jean le Rond d'Alembert, (1717-1783)^C^O^R
Damascius, (c. 462-540)^C^R
Pietro Damiani, (c. 1007-1072)^R
Arthur Danto, (born 1924)^C^O
Charles Darwin, (1809-1882)^R
David of Dinant, (12th century)^R
David the Invincible, (late 6th century)
Donald Davidson, (1917-2003)^C^O^R
Michael Davis
Stuart Davis, (born 1971)
Jalal al-Din al-Dawani, (1426-1502)^R
Simone de Beauvoir, (1908-1986)^O^R
Bruno de Finetti, (1906-1985)^O
Joseph de Maistre, (1753-1821)^C^O
Paul de Man, (1919-1983)^R
Augustus De Morgan, (1806-1871)^C^O^R
Francesco De Sanctis, (1817-1883)
Emerich de Vattel, (1714-1767)
Guy Debord, (1931-1994)
Richard Dedekind, (1831-1916)^C^O^R
Gilles Deleuze, (1925-1995)^O^R
Galvano Della Volpe
Elijah Delmedigo, (1460-1497)^R
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, (1484-1558)
Demetrius the Cynic
Democritus, (born 460 BC)^C^O^R
Daniel Dennett, (born 1942)^C^O^R
Denys the Carthusian (or Denys de Leeuwis), (1402-1471)^R
Jacques Derrida, (born 1930)^C^O^R
John Theophilus Desaguliers, (1683-1744)
Ren頄escartes, (1596-1650)^C^O^R
Vincent Descombes, (1948-present)
Robert Desgabets, (1610-1678)^R
Paul Deussen, (1845-1919)
John Dewey, (1859-1952)^C^O^R
Dharmakirti, (c. 7th century)^C^R
Diagoras
Sousa Dias, (born 1956)
Albert Venn Dicey, (1835-1922)^R
Denis Diderot, (1713-1784)^C^O^R
Dietrich of Freiberg, (13th century)^R
Kenelm Digby, (1603-1665)^R
Dignaga, (c. 480-c. 540)^R
Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833-1911)^C^O^R
Hugo Dingler, (1881-1954)
Diodorus Cronos, (3rd century BC)^R
Diogenes Laertius, (3rd century)^O^R
Diogenes Apolloniates, (c. 460 BC)^R
Diogenes of Oenoanda, (2nd Century)^R
Diogenes the Cynic of Sinope, (412-323 BC)^O^R
Humphry Ditton, (1675-1715)
Dogen Zenji (or Dōgen Kigen), (1200-1253)^O^R
Dong Zhongshu (or Tung Chung-shu), (c. 176-c. 104)^C^R
Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894-1977)^R
Elliot N. Dorff
Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821-1881)^R
Fred Dretske, (born 1932)^C^O
Hubert Dreyfus
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818-1896)^R
ɭilie du Chⴥlet, (1706-1749)^R
Guillaume du Vair, (1556-1621)^C
Curt Ducasse, (1881-1969)^C^O^R
Pierre Duhem, (1861-1916)^C^O^R
Eugen D?, (1833-1921)^O^R
Michael Dummett, (born 1925)^C^O^R
Duns Scotus, (c. 1266-1308)^C^O^R
Profiat Duran (or Efodi or Isaac ben Moses Levi) (c. 1349-c. 1414)^R
Simeon ben Zemah Duran (or Rashbaz), (1361-1444)^R
Durandus of St. Pour硩n, (c. 1275-1334)^R
ɭile Durkheim, (1858-1917)^O^R
Ronald Dworkin, (born 1931)^C^O^R
Miroslaw Dzielski, (1941-1989)

E

Julius Ebbinghaus, (1885-1981)
Johann Augustus Eberhard, (1739-1809)^R
Meister Eckhart, (1260-1327/8)^C^R
Umberto Eco, (born 1932)^C
Dorothy Edgington
Jonathan Edwards, (1703-1758)^C^O^R
Paul Edwards, (1923-2004)^O
Christian von Ehrenfels, (1856-1932)
Albert Einstein, (1879-1955)^C^O^R
Mircea Eliade, (1907-1986)^R
George Eliot, (1819-1880)^R
Elisabeth of Bohemia, (1618-1680)^C^R
Jacques Ellul, (1912-1994)
Jon Elster, (born 1940)^O
Ralph Waldo Emerson, (1803-1882)^C^O^R
Empedocles, (490 BC-430 BC)^C^O^R
Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)^C^O^R
Epicharmus, (c. 540-450 BC)^R
Epictetus, (AD 55-circa 135)^O^R
Epicurus, (341 BC-270 BC)^O^R
Epimenides, (6th century BC)
Desiderius Erasmus, (1466-1536)^C^O^R
Johannes Scotus Erigina, (c. 800-c. 880)^C^O^R
Eubulides of Miletus, (4th century BC)
Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (1846-1926)
Euclid of Alexandria, (c. 365-275 BC)
Euclid of Megara, (c. 400 BC)
Eudoxus of Cnidus, (410 or 408 BC - 355 or 347 BC)^C^R
Eusebius of Caesarea, (264-339)^R
Gareth Evans, (1946-1980)^O^R
Julius Evola, (1898-1974)

F

Emil Fackenheim, (1916-2003)^R
Thome H. Fang, (1899-1976)^C
Frantz Fanon, (1925-1961)^O^R
Al-Farabi, (870?950)^C^O^R
Michelangelo Fardella, (1646-1718)^R
Austin Marsden Farrer, (1904-1968)^R
Favorinus, (c. 80-c. 150)
Fazang (or Fa-Tsang), (643-712)^R
Gustav Fechner, (1801-1887)^C^R
Nikolai F뤯rovich F뤯rov, (1828-1906)^R
Herbert Feigl, (1902-1988)
Joel Feinberg, (1926-2004)^O
Fran篩s de Salignac de la Mothe-F鮥lon, (1651-1715)^R
Feng Youlan, (1895-1990)^C
Ernest Fenollosa, (1853-1908)
Adam Ferguson, (1723-1816)^C^O^R
Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812-1876)
Jose Ferrater-Mora, (1912-1991)^O
James Frederick Ferrier, (1808-1864)^R
Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804-1872)^C^O^R
Paul Feyerabend, (1924-1994)^O^R
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, (1762-1814)^C^O^R
Immanuel Hermann Fichte, (1797-1879)
Marsilio Ficino, (1433-1499)^C^O^R
Hartry Field, (born 1946)^O
Robert Filmer, (1588-1653)^C^O^R
John Finnis, (born 1940)^O
Kuno Fischer, (1824-1907)
John Fiske, (1842-1901)
Franciszek Fiszer, (1860-1937)
Anthony Flew, (born 1923)
Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882-1937)^R
Georges Florovsky, (1893-1979)
Robert Fludd, (1574-1637)^C^R
Vil魠Flusser, (1920-1991)
Jerry Fodor, (born 1935)^C^O^R
Robert J. Fogelin, (born 1932)^O
Dagfinn F?dal, (born 1932)^O
Pedro da Fonseca, (1528-1599)^C^R
Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, (1657-1757)^C^R
Philippa Foot, (born 1920)^C^O
David Fordyce, (1711-1751)^C
Eckart Forster
Michel Foucault, (1926-1984)^C^O^R
Simon Foucher, (1644-1696)^R
Charles Fourier, (1772-1837)^C
Francis of Assisi, (1181-1226)
Francis of Meyronnes, (1285-1328)^R
Jerome Frank, (1889-1957)^R
Philipp Frank
Sem뮠Liudvigovich Frank (1877-1950)^R
William K. Frankena, (1908-1994)^C^O
Harry Gordon Frankfurt, (born 1929)^O
Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790)^O^R
Oliver Shewell Franks, (1905-1992)
Michael Frede, (born 1940)^O
Gottlob Frege, (1848-1925)^C^O^R
Hans Frei, (1922-1988)^R
Jakob Friedrich Fries, (1773-1843)^R
Sigmund Freud, (1856-1939)^C^O^R
Hans Freyer, (1887-1969)
Northrop Frye, (1912-1991)
Fujiwara Seika, (1561-1619)^R
Lon L. Fuller, (1902-1978)^R
Casey Fulton

G

Gadadhara Bhattacharya, (1604-1709)^R
Hans-Georg Gadamer, (1900-2002)^C^O^R
Gaius, (110-180)^R
Galen, (131-201)^C^O^R
Galileo Galilei, (1564-1642)^C^O^R
Mahatma Gandhi, (1869-1948)^C^O^R
Gangeśa, (fl. c. 1325)^R
Martin Gardner, (born 1914)
R駩nald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887-1964)^R
Pierre Gassendi, (1592-1655)^C^O^R
Aksapada Gautama, (c. 2nd century BC)^R
Siddhartha Gautama (or Buddha), (ca. 563-483 BC)^C^R
David Gauthier, (born 1932)^O
John Gay, (1685-1732)^C
Peter Geach, (born 1919)^C^O
Ernest Gellner (1925-1995)
Geminus, (c. 110-c. 40 BC)
Gennadius Scholarius, (died c. 1473)
Giovanni Gentile, (1875-1944)^C^O^R
Gerhard Gentzen, (1909-1945)^O^R
George of Trebizond, (1395-1484)^R
Gerard of Cremona, (1114-1187)^R
Gerard of Odo (or Gerald Odonis), (1290-1349)^R
Alexander Gerard, (1728-1795)^R
Gerbert of Aurillac (or Pope Silvester II) (c. 950-1003)^R
Giacinto Cardinal Sigismondo Gerdil, (1718-1802)^R
Jean Gerson, (1363-1429)^C^R
Gersonides (or Levi ben Gershon), (1288-1344)^C^R
Bernard Gert, (born 1934)
Edmund Gettier, (born 1927)^O
Arnold Geulincx, (1624-1669)^C^O^R
Raymond Geuss
Alan Gewirth, (1912-2004)^O
Al-Ghazali, (1058-1111)^C^O^R
Allan Gibbard, (born 1942)^O
Otto von Gierke
Gilbert de la Porr饼Bishop Gilbert of Poitiers, (1070-1154)^R
Giles of Rome, (c. 1243-1316)^C^O^R
Neil Gillman
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860-1935)
Etienne Gilson, (1884-1978)^C^O
Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856-1927)^R
Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801-1852)^C^R
Rene Girard, (born 1923)
Thomas Gisbourne, (1758-1846)
Joseph Glanvill, (1636-1680)^C^R
Ernst von Glasersfeld
Jonathan Glover, (born 1941)^O
Arthur de Gobineau, (1816-1882}
Rudolph Goclenius, (1547-1628)^C
Kurt G?, (1906-1978)^O^R
Godfrey of Fontaines, (c. 1250-1309)^C^R
William Godwin, (1756-1836)^C^O^R
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, (1749-1832)^C^O^R
Alvin Ira Goldman, (born 1938)^C^O
Lucien Goldmann, (1913-1970)
Gongsun Longzi
Nelson Goodman, (1906-1998)^C^O^R
Gorgias, (c. 483-375 BC)^C^O^R
Wawrzyniec Grzymala Goslicki (1530-1607)
Baltasar Graciᮠy Morales, (1601-1658)^C
Antonio Gramsci, (1891-1937)^C^O^R
Guido Grandi, (1671-1742)
D. Granosalis
George Grant, (1918-1988)
Richard Grathoff, (born 1934)
Clare W. Graves, (1914-1986)
John Gray, (born 1948)
A. C. Grayling, (born 1949)
Celia Green, (born 1935)
Thomas Hill Green, (1836-1882)^C^O^R
Pope Gregory I, (540-604)^C^O
Gregory of Nyssa, (c. 335-398)^C
Gregory of Rimini, (d. 1358)^C^R
Alex Grey, (born 1953)
Herbert Paul Grice, (1913-1988)^C^O^R
James Griffin, (born 1933)^O
Germain Grisez, (born 1929)^O
Robert Grosseteste, (1175-1253)^C^O^R
Reinhardt Grossman, (born 1931)^O
George Grote, (1794-1871)
John Grote, (1813-1866)^R
Hugo Grotius, (1583-1645)^C^O^R
Adolf Grunbaum, (born 1923)^O
Guan Zhong (or Kuan Tzu or Kwan Chung or Guanzi) (740-645 BC)^C^R
F鬩x Guattari, (1930-1992)
D. V. Gundappa
Dominicus Gundissalinus, (12th century)
Gotthard G?, (1900-1984)
G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872-1949)
Edmund Gurney, (1847-1888)^R
Kwame Gyekye

H

Susan Haack, (born 1945)
J?Habermas, (born 1929)^C^O^R
Ian Hacking, (born 1936)^O
Paul Haeberlin, (1878-1960)
Ernst Haeckel, (1834-1919)^C^R
Axel Anders Theodor Hagerstrom, (1868-1939)^R
Yehuda Halevi, (c. 1085-1141)^C^O^R
Werner Hamacher, (born 1948)
Johann Georg Hamann, (1730-1788)^C^R
Charles Hamblin, (1922-1985)
Sir William Hamilton, (1788-1856)^C^O^R
David Walter Hamlyn, (born 1924)^O
Stuart Hampshire, (1914-2004)^O
B鬡 Hamvas, (1897-1968)
Han Feizi, (d. 233 BC)^C^R
Han Wonjin, (1682-1751)^R
Han Yu, (768-824)^C^R
Alastair Hannay, (born 1932)^O
Eduard Hanslick, (1825-1904)^R
Norwood Russell Hanson, (1922-1967)^R
John Hare
R. M. Hare, (1919-2002)^C^O^R
Gilbert Harman, (born 1938)^O
Friedrich Harms, (1819-1880)
James Harrington, (1611-1677)^R
William Torrey Harris, (1835-1909)
H. L. A. Hart, (1907-1992)^C^O^R
David Hartley, (1705-1757)^C^O^R
Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842-1906)^C^O^R
Nicolai Hartmann, (1882-1950)^C^O^R
Charles Hartshorne, (1897-2000)^C^O
John Haugeland, (born 1948)
Friedrich Hayek, (1899-1992)^O^R
Rudolf Haym, (1821-1901)
Hecato of Rhodes
G.W.F. Hegel, (1770-1831)^C^O^R
Hegesias of Magnesia, (c. 300 BC)
Martin Heidegger, (1889-1976)^C^O^R
Werner Heisenberg, (1901-1976)^O^R
Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821-1894)^C^R
Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont, (1614-1698)^R
Claude Adrien Helv鴩us, (1715-1771)^C^O^R
Carl Gustav Hempel, (1905-1997)^C^O^R
Henricus Regius, (1598-1679)^R
Henry of Ghent, (c. 1217-1293)^C^O^R
Henry of Harclay, (1270-1317)^R
Michel Henry, (1922-2002)
Ronald William Hepburn, (born 1927)^O
Heraclides Ponticus, (387-312 BC)^R
Heraclitus of Ephesus, (ca. 535-475 BC)^C^O^R
Johann Friedrich Herbart, (1776-1841)^C^R
Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, (1583-1648)^R
Johann Gottfried Herder, (1744-1803)^C^O^R
Herman of Carinthia, (c. 1100-c. 1160)
Abraham Cohen de Herrera (or Alonso Nunez de Herrera or Abraham Irira), (1562-1635)^R
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857-1894)^R
Hervaeus Natalis (or Herve Nedellec), (1250-1323)^R
Alexander Herzen, (1812-1870)^C^O^R
Abraham Joshua Heschel, (1907-1972)^R
Hesiod, (c. 700 BC)^R
Moses Hess, (1812-1875)^R
Mary Hesse, (born 1924)
Sergei Iosifovich Hessen, (1887-1950)^R
William of Heytesbury (or Hentisberus or Hentisberi or Tisberi), (1313-1373)^C^R
Hicetas, (400-335 BC)
John Hick, (born 1922)^O
Laurens Perseus Hickok, (1798-1888)
Hierocles the Stoic, (2nd century)^R
David Hilbert, (1862-1943)^C^O
Hildegard of Bingen, (1098-1179)^R
Hillel ben Samuel of Verona, (1220-1295)^R
Al-Hilli, (1250-1325)
Himerius, (315-386)
Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm Hinrichs, (1794-1861)
Jaakko Hintikka, (born 1929)^C^O
Hipparchia, (4th century BC)
Hippasus, (c. 500 BC)
Hippias, (5th century BC)^R
Hippocrates, (460-380 BC)^C^O
Ho Yen, (190-249)^C
Thomas Hobbes, (1588-1679)^C^O^R
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864-1929)^O
William Ernest Hocking, (1873-1966)^O
Shadworth Hodgson, (1832-1912)^O
Josef Ho뮩-Wronski, (1778-1853)
Harald H?ng, (1843-1931)^O
Douglas Hofstadter, (born 1945)
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879-1918)^C^R
Baron d'Holbach, (1723-1789)^C^O
Robert Holcot, (1290-1349)^R
Friedrich H?rlin, (1770-1843)^C^R
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., (1841-1935)^R
Homer, (c. 700 BC)^R
Ted Honderich
Sidney Hook, (1902-1989)^O
Richard Hooker, (1554-1600)^R
Max Horkheimer, (1895-1973)^C^R
Jennifer Hornsby, (born 1951)^O
Paul Horwich, (born 1947)^O
Paulin J. Hountondji, (born 1942)
Hsi K'ang, (223-262)^C
Hsiung Shih-li, (1885-1968)^C
Hsu Fu-kuan, (1903-1982)^C
Hsu Hsing, (c. 300 BC)^C
Hu Shih, (1891-1962)^C
Huai Nun Tzu (or Huainanzi or Liu An), (179-122 BC)^C^R
Huang Zongxi (or Huang Tsung-hsi), (1610-1695)^C
Elbert Hubbard, (1856-1915)
Pierre Daniel Huet, (1630-1721)^R
Hugh of St Victor, (c. 1078-1141)^R
Hu-Hung (or Wu-Feng), (1100-1155)^C
Hui Shih, (4th century BC)^C
Wilhelm von Humboldt, (1767-1835)^C^O^R
David Hume, (1711-1776)^C^O^R
Rosalind Hursthouse
Jan Hus, (1369-1415)^R
Edmund Husserl, (1859-1938)^C^O^R
Francis Hutcheson, (1694-1746)^C^O^R
Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825-1895)^R
Christiaan Huygens, (1629-1695)^C
Hypatia of Alexandria, (370-415)^C^R
Jean Hyppolite, (1907-1968)

I

Iamblichus, (ca. 245 AD-ca. 325)^R
Yahya ibn Adi (893-974)^R
Ibn al-Arabi, (1164-1240)^R
Ibn ar-Rawandi, (c. 910)^R
Ibn Bajjah (or Avempace), (d. 1138)^C^R
Ibn Daud (or Rabad I or Avendauth, or John of Spain) (1110-1180)^C^R
Abraham ibn Ezra, (1092/3-1167)^R
Moses ibn Ezra, (1070-1138)^R
Ibn Falaquera, (1223-1290)^R
Solomon Ibn Gabirol, (1021-1058)^C^O^R
Ibn Hazm, (994-1069)^R
Hunein Ibn Ishak, (809-873)
Ibn Kammuna, (1215-1284)^R
Ibn Khaldun, (1332-1406)^C^O^R
Ibn Massara, (883-931)^R
Ibn Miskawayh, (940-1030)^C^R
Bahya ibn Paquda, (1040-1110)^R
Ibn Sab'in, (1217-1268)^R
Ibn Taymiya, (1263-1328)^R
Ibn Tufail, (1110-1185)^C^R
Ibn Tzaddik, (c. 1149)^R
Michael Ignatieff, (born 1947)
Don Ihde, (born 1934)
Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883-1954)^C^R
Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov, (1924-1979)^R
Immanuel the Roman (c. 1270-c. 1330)^R
Roman Ingarden, (1893-1970)^C^O^R
William Ralph Inge, (1860-1954)^R
Harold Innis, (1894-1952)
Muhammad Iqbal, (1877-1938)^O^R
Luce Irigaray, (born 1930)^C^O^R
Terence Irwin, (born 1947)^O
Isocrates, (436-338 BC)^C
Isaac Israeli of Stella, (1105-1177)^R
Issac Ben Solomon Israeli, (c. 850-950)^R
Isvarakrsna, (5th century)
Ito Jinsai, (1627-1705)^R

J

Frank Jackson, (born 1943)^O
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, (1743-1819)^C^O^R
James of Viterbo, (1255-1308)^R
Henry James Sr., (1811-1882)
William James, (1842-1910)^C^O^R
Erich Jantsch
Karl Jaspers, (1883-1969)^C^O^R
Thomas Jefferson, (1743-1826)^O^R
Richard C. Jeffrey, (1926-2002)^O
William Stanley Jevons, (1835-1882)^C^O
Rudolf von Jhering, (1818-1892)^R
Jinul (or Chinul), (1158-1210)^R
Joachim of Fiore, (1135-1201)^C^R
C.E.M. Joad, (18591-1953)
John of Damascus, (c. 676-749)^C^R
John of Jandun, (1280-1328)^R
John of La Rochelle, (1190-1245)^R
John of Mirecourt, (c. 1345)^R
John of Paris, (1260-1306)^R
John of Salisbury, (c. 1115-1180)^C^R
John of St. Thomas (or Jean Poinsot), (1589-1644)^C^R
John the Scot, (c. 800-c. 880)
Alexander Bryan Johnson, (1786-1867)^R
Samuel Johnson, (1649-1703)^R
Dr. Samuel Johnson, (1709-1784)^O^R
William Ernest Johnson, (1858-1931)^C^O
Hans Jonas, (1903-1993)
J? J?sen, (1894-1969)^O
Th鯤ore Simon Jouffroy, (1796-1842)
Juan Chi, (210-263)^C
Judah ben Moses of Rome (orJudah Romano), (1292-1330)^R
Judah Ben Samuel of Regensburg, (c. 1200)
Carl Jung, (1875-1961)^C^O^R
[[Ernst J?], (1895-1998)
Joachim Jungius, (1587-1657)^R
Justinian I, (483-565)^R
Abul Maali al-Juwayni, (1028-1085)^R

K

Kaibara, (1630-1740)^R
Subhash Kak, (born 1947)
Lord Kames, (1696-1782)^R
Robert Kane, (born 1938)
Kang Youwei, (1858-1927)^C
Immanuel Kant, (1724-1804)^C^O^R
Kao Tzu, (c. 420 BC)^C
David Kaplan, (born 1933)^O
Mordecai Kaplan, (1881-1983)^R
Andreas Karlstadt, (c. 1480-1541)
Walter Kaufmann, (1921-1980)
Karl Kautsky, (1854-1938)^O^R
Kaydrup glek belsangbo (or mKhas grub dge legs dpal bzang po or Khai-dub), (1385-1438)^R
Bartholomew Keckermann, (1571-1609)^R
David Kelley, (born 1949)
Hans Kelsen, (1881-1973)^O^R
Norman Kemp Smith, (1872-1958)^R
Anthony Kenny, (born 1931)^O
Johannes Kepler, (1571-1630)^C^R
John Maynard Keynes, (1883-1946)^C^O^R
[[Omar Khayy᭝], (1048-1123)
S?Kierkegaard, (1813-1855)^C^O^R
Richard Kilvington (or Richard Chillington}, (1302-1361)^C^R
Robert Kilwardby, (1215-1279)^C^R
Jaegwon Kim, (born 1934)^C^O
Al-Kindi, (801-873)^C^O^R
Martin Luther King, Jr., (1929-1968)
Peter J. King, (born 1956)
Mark Kingwell, (born 1963)
Richard Kirkham, (born 1955)
Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani, (12th century)
Martha Klein
Heinrich von Kleist, (1777-1811)^C
Kleitomachos, (187-109 BC)
William Calvant Kneale, (1906-1990)^O
Richard Payne Knight, (1750-1824)
Martin Knutzen, (1713-1751)^R
Ko Hung, (4th century)^C
Arthur Koestler, (1905-1983)
Wolfgang K?r, (1887-1967)^C
Alexandre Koj趥, (1902-1968)^R
Leszek Kolakowski, (born 1927)
Hugo Kollataj, (1750-1812)
Alejandro Korn, (1860-1936)^O
Christine Korsgaard
Tadeusz Kotarbinski, (1886-1981)^C^O^R
Greg Koukl
Alexandre Koyre, (1892-1964)^R
Karl Kraus, (1874-1936)^O
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, (1781-1832)^C^R
Georg Kreisel, (born 1923)^O
Saul Kripke, (born 1940)^C^O^R
Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895-1986)
Julia Kristeva, (born 1941)^C^O^R
Nachman Krochmal, (1785-1840)^R
Leopold Kronecker, (1823-1891)^R
Richard Kroner, (1884-1974)
Peter Kropotkin, (1842-1921)^C^O^R
Wilhelm Traugott Krug, (1770-1842)
Erik Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, (1909-1999)
Thomas Samuel Kuhn, (1922-1996)^C^O^R
Kukai, (774-835)^O^R
Kuki Shuzo, (1888-1941)^R
Kumazawa Banzan, (1619-1691) ^R
Kung-sun Lung Tzu, (c. 300 BC)^C
Kuo Hsiang (or Guoxiang), (c. 312)^C
Will Kymlicka

L

Louis de La Forge, (1632-1666)^C^R
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, (1709-1751)^C^O^R
Isaac La Peyrere, (1596-1676)^C
Antonio Labriola, (1843-1904)^C^R
Jacques Lacan, (1901-1981)^C^O^R
Jules Lachelier, (1832-1918)^R
Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, (born 1940)^R
Pierre Laffitte, (1823-1903)^C
Imre Lakatos, (1922-1974)^O^R
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, (1744-1829)^O
Johann Heinrich Lambert, (1728-1777)^C^R
Lamennais, (1752-1854)
Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828-1875)^C^R
Susanne Langer, (1895-1985)^O^R
Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu), (4th century BC)^C^O
Pierre-Simon Laplace, (1749-1827)^C^O
Pierre Laromigui貥, (1756-1837)
Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825-1864)^R
Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823-1900)^R
William Law, (1686-1761)^R
Moritz Lazarus
Jean Le Clerc, (1657-1737)^R
Mich謥 Le D?uff, (born 1948)^O^R
Antoine Le Grand, (1629-1699)^R
Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870-1954)^R
Henri Lefebvre, (1901-1991)^R
Keith Lehrer, (born 1936)^O
Gottfried Leibniz, (1646-1716)^C^O^R
Yeshayahu Leibowitz, (1903-1994)^R
Vladimir Lenin, (1870-1924)^C^O^R
Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831-1891)^R
Jules Lequier, (1814-1862)^C
Pierre Leroux, (1798-1871)^C
Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886-1939)^C^O^R
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, (1729-1781)^C^O^R
Leucippus, (5th century BC)^C^O^R
Emmanuel Levinas, (1906-1995)^C^O^R
Claude L鶩-Strauss, (born 1908)^O^R
Bernard-Henri L鶹, (born 1948)
Lucien L鶹-Bruhl, (1857-1939)^O
Kurt Lewin, (1890-1947)^C
Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883-1964)^C^O^R
C. S. Lewis, (1898-1963)^C^R
David Kellogg Lewis, (1941-2001)^C^O^R
John Lewis, (1889-1976)
Li Ao, (722-841)^C
Li Si, (c. 280-208 BC)
Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873-1929)^C
Liang Sou-ming, (1893-1988)^C
Karol Libelt, (1807-1875)
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, (1742-1799)^O^R
Lie Zi (or Lieh Tzu), (c. 440 BC-c. 360 BC)^C
Alphonso Lingis
Linji (or Lin Chi), (c. 810-867)^R
Carolus Linnaeus, (1707-1778)^R
Arthur Lipsett, (1936-1986)
Justus Lipsius, (1547-1606)^R
[[ɭile Littr靝, (1801-1881)
Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898-1969)^C
Liu Tsung-chou (or Ch'i-shan), (1578-1645)^C
Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893-1962)^R
Ramon Llull, (1235-1315)^C^R
Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886-1954)
John Locke, (1632-1704)^C^O^R
Knud Ejler L?up, (1905-1981)
Alfred Loisy, (1857-1940)^R
Peter Lombard, (c. 1100-1160)^C^R
Bernard Lonergan, (1904-1984)^R
Longinus, (1st century)^C
Cassius Dionysius Longinus, (213-273)
Jakob Lorber, (1800-1864)
Paul Lorenzen, (1915-1995)^R
Aleksei Federovich Losev, (1893-1988)^R
Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870-1965)^R
Rudolf Herman Lotze, (1817-1881)^C^O^R
Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873-1962)^O
Lu Hsiang-shan (or Lu Xiangshan, or Lu Chiu-yuan, or Tzu-ching, or Ts'un-chai), (1139-1193)^C^R
John R. Lucas, (born 1929)^O
Lucian, (c. 120-c. 180)^R
Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
Lucretius, (c. 99-55 BC)^C^O^R
Georg Lukᣳ, (1885-1971)^C^O^R
Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878-1956)^C^O^R
Martin Luther, (1483-1546)^C^O^R
Rosa Luxemburg, (1871-1919)^R
William G. Lycan, (born 1945)^O
Jean-Fran篩s Lyotard, (1924-1998)^C^O^R

M

Gabriel Bonnet de Mably, (1709-1785)
Ernst Mach, (1838-1916)^C^O^R
Niccol򠍡chiavelli, (1469-1527)^C^O^R
Alasdair MacIntyre, (born 1929)^C^O^R
John Leslie Mackie, (1917-1981)^O
John Macmurray, (1891-1976)
Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius, (fl. c. 400)
Madhava, (d. 1386)^R
Shri Madhvacharya, (1238-1317)^C^O^R
Mahavira, (599-527 BC)^C^R
Salomon Maimon (or Salomon ben Joshua), (1753-1800)^C^R
Abraham ben Moses Maimonides (or Abraham ben Maimon), (1186-1237)^R
Moses Maimonides (or Rambam), (1135-1204)^C^O^R
Maine de Biran, (1766-1824)^O^R
Philipp Mainl䮤er
John Major (or John Mair), (1467-1550)^O^R
Norman Malcolm, (1911-1990)^C^O
Nicolas Malebranche, (1638-1715)^C^O^R
Ernst Mally, (1879-1944)
Merab Mamardashvili, (1930-1990)^R
Bernard de Mandeville, (1670-1733)^R
Karl Mannheim, (1893-1947)^C^O
Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820-1871)^C
Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893-1976)^C
Gabriel Marcel, (1887-1973)^C^O^R
Ruth Barcan Marcus, (born 1921)^C^O
Herbert Marcuse, (born 1898-1979)^C^O^R
Juan de Mariana, (1536-1624)^C
Jacques Maritain, (1882-1973)^C^O^R
Gaius Marius Victorinus, (4th century)^R
Marsilius of Inghen, (1330-1396)^C^R
Marsilius of Padua (or Marsiglio or Marsilio dei Mainardine), (1270-1342)^C^O^R
Roger Marston, (1235-1303)^R
Charles B. Martin, (born 1924)^O
Michael Martin
Harriet Martineau, (1802-1876)^R
James Martineau, (1805-1900)^C^O
Karl Marx, (1818-1883)^C^O^R
TomᚠGarrigue Masaryk, (1850-1937)^O^R
Damaris Cudworth Masham, (1659-1708)^C^R
Matthew of Aquasparta, (1238-1302)^R
Humberto Maturana, (born 1928)
Fritz Mauthner, (1849-1923)^R
James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879)^C^R
Mazdak, (died c. 526)
Jacopo Mazzoni, (1548-1598)
James McCosh, (1811-1894)^C
William McDougall, (1871-1938)^C
John McDowell, (born 1942)^O
Colin McGinn, (born 1950)^O
Marshall McLuhan, (1911-1980)
John Ellis McTaggart, (1866-1925)^C^O^R
Tony McWalter, (born 1945)
George Herbert Mead, (1863-1931)^C^O^R
Bartolomeo Medina, (1527-1580)^C
Georg Mehlis
Friedrich Meinecke, (1862-1954)^R
Alexius Meinong, (1853-1920)^C^O^R
Philipp Melanchthon, (1497-1560)^R
Melissus of Samos, (late 5th century BC)^C^O^R
D. Hugh Mellor, (born 1938)^O
Mencius (or Meng K'o or Meng-tzu or Mengzi), (372-289 BC)^C^O^R
Gregor Mendel, (1822-1884)^C
Moses Mendelssohn, (1729-1786)^C^O^R
Menedemus, (c. 350-278 BC)
Winnifried Menninghaus
Desire Joseph Mercier, (1851-1926)^C
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, (1908-1961)^C^O^R
Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887-1985)
Marin Mersenne, (1588-1648)^C^R
Judah Messer Leon, (c. 1425-c. 1495)^R
Theodore Metochita, (d. 1332)
Metrocles, (c. 300 BC)
Metrodorus, (331-278 BC)
Thomas Metzinger, (born 1958)
Emile Meyerson, (1859-1933)^O^R
Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887-1910)
Mary Midgley, (born 1919)
Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842-1904)^R
Miki Kiyoshi, (1897-1945)^R
Mikyo Dorje (or Mi bskyod rdo rje), (1507-1554)^R
James Mill, (1773-1836)^C^O^R
John Stuart Mill, (1806-1873)^C^O^R
Alan Millar
John Millar, (1735-1801)^R
Ruth Millikan, (born 1933)^O
Muhammad Baqir Mir Damad (or Sayyid al-Afadil or Ishraq or Ibn al-Damad), (d. 1631)^R
Ludwig von Mises, (1881-1973)
William Mitchell, (1861-1962)
Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887-1953)
Luis de Molina, (1535-1600)^C^O^R
Lord Monboddo (or James Burnett), (1714-1799)^R
Richard Montague, (1930-1971)^R
Michel de Montaigne, (1533-1592)^C^O^R
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)^C^R
Addison Webster Moore, (1866-1930)
G. E. Moore, (1873-1958)^C^O^R
Henry More, (1614-1687)^C^R
Thomas More, (1478-1535)^C
J. P. Moreland
Sidney Morgenbesser, (1921-2004)
Gaetano Mosca, (1858-1941)^C
Motoori Norinaga, (1730-1801)^R
Mou Tsung-san, (1909-1995)^C
Jean Fran篩s Moufot, (1784-1842)
Mozi (or Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti, or Micius), (c. 470-c. 390 BC)^C^R
David Ibn Merwan Al-Mukammas (or Daud Ibn Marwan al-Muqammas or David ha-Bavli), (d. 937)^R
Mulla Sadra, (1571-1640)^O^R
[[Max M?], (1823-1900)
Iris Murdoch, (1919-1999)^O
Musonius Rufus, (1st century)^R

N

Arne N泳, (born 1912)^O^R
Nagarjuna, (ca. 200 CE)^C^O^R
Ernest Nagel, (1901-1985)^C^O^R
Thomas Nagel, (born 1937)^C^O^R
Moses Nahmanides, (1194-1270)^R
Jean-Luc Nancy, (born 1940)^R
Jan Narveson, (born 1936)
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854-1924)
Alexander Neckham, (1157-1217)^R
Antonio Negri, (born 1933)
Oskar Negt, (born 1934)
Alexander Nehamas
John Neihardt, (1881-1973)
Leonard Nelson, (1882-1927)
Nemesius of Emesa, (fl. c. 400)^C^R
John von Neumann, (1903-1957)^C^O^R
Otto Neurath, (1882-1945)^O^R
John Henry Newman, (1801-1890)^C^R
Isaac Newton, (1642-1727)^C^O^R
Nichiren, (1222-1282)^R
Nicholas of Autrecourt, (c. 1300-1369)^C^O^R
Nicholas of Cusa, (1401-1464)^C^O^R
H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894-1962)^R
Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892-1971)^R
Kai Nielsen
Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844-1900)^C^O^R
Agostino Nifo, (1470-1538)^R
Nishi Amane, (1829-1897)^R
Nishida Kitaro, (1870-1945)^O^R
Nishitani Keiji, (1900-1990)^O^R
Kwame Nkrumah, (1909-1972)^O
John Norris, (1657-1711)^R
Novalis, (1772-1801)^C
Robert Nozick, (1938-2001)^C^O^R
Numenius Of Apamca, (2nd century)^C^R
Martha Nussbaum, (born 1947)^C^O
Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888-1969)
Anders Nygren, (1890-1978)^R

O

Michael Oakeshott, (1901-1990)^C^O^R
William of Ockham, (ca. 1285-1349)^C^O^R
Ogyū Sorai, (1666-1728)^R
Rodney Ohebsion, (born 1981)
Georges Ohsawa, (1893-1966)
Lorenz Oken, (1779-1851)^R
Karl Olivecrona, (1897-1980)^R
Peter Olivi, (1248-1298)^C^R
Olympiodorus, (5th century)
John Wood Oman, (1860-1939)^R
Onora O'Neill, (born 1941)^O
Nicolas Oresme, (1320-1382)^R
Origen, (c. 182-c. 251)^C^R
José Ortega y Gasset, (1883-1955)^C^O^R
Wilhelm Ostwald, (1853-1932)
James Oswald, (1703-1793)^R
Rudolf Otto, (1869-1937)^R
P. D. Ouspensky, (1878-1947)
Albert Outler, (1908-1989)
Richard Overton, (d. circa 1665)^R
Gwilyn Ellis Lane Owen, (1922-1982)^O^R

P

Thomas Paine, (1737-1809)^C^O^R
William Paley, (1743-1805)^C^R
Panaetius, (c. 185-c. 110 BC)^R
David Papineau, (born 1947)^O
Paracelsus, (1493-1541)^C^R
Vilfredo Pareto, (1848-1923)
Derek Parfit, (born 1942)^C^O
Parmenides, (5th century BC)^C^O^R
Blaise Pascal, (1623-1662)^C^R
John Arthur Passmore, (1914-2004)^R
Pata񪡬i, (2nd century BC)^R
Jan Patocka, (1907-1977)^R
Francesco Patrizi da Cherso (or Franciscus Patritius) (1529-1597)^R
Paul of Venice, (1369-1429)^C^R
Christopher Peacocke, (born 1950)^O
Giuseppe Peano, (1858-1932)^O
David Pearce
David Pears, (born 1921)^O
John Peckham, (d. 1292)^R
Leonard Peikoff, (born 1933)
Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839-1914)^C^O^R
Pelagius, (c. 360-c. 435)^O
Jean-Jacques Pelletier, (born 1947)
Thomas Percival, (1740-1804)^C
Ralph Barton Perry, (1876-1957)^C^O
Peter of Auvergne, (13th century)^R
Peter of Spain (or Pope John XXI), (13th century)^C^O^R
Peter the Iberian, (411-491)
Richard Stanley Peters, (born 1919)^O
Petrarch, (1304-1374)^O^R
Leon Petrazycki, (1867-1931)^R
Pherecydes of Syros, (6th century BC)
Philip the Chancellor, (1160-1236)^R
Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, (20 BC-40 AD)^C^O^R
Philo of Larissa, (1st century BC)^R
Philo the Dialectician, (c. 300 BC)^O^R
Philodemus of Gadara, (1st century BC)^R
Philolaus of Croton, (c. 480-c. 405 BC)^C^R
Joannes Philoponus, (early 6th century)^C^O^R
Philostratus
Jean Piaget, (1896-1980)^C^R
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, (1463-1494)^C^O^R
Issac de Pinto, (1715-1787)
Max Planck, (1858-1947)^O^R
Alvin Plantinga, (born 1932)^C^O
Plato, (c. 427 BC-c. 347 BC)^C^O^R
Georgi Plekhanov, (1856-1918)^C^O^R
George Gemistos Plethon, (c. 1355-1452)
Plotinus, (died 270)^C^O^R
Plutarch of Athens, (5th century BC)
Mestrius Plutarch of Chaeronia, (c. 45-c. 120)^R
Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827-1907)
[[Henri Poincar靝, (1854-1912)^C^O^R
Michael Polanyi, (1891-1976)^R
Polyaenus, (died 278 BC)
Pietro Pomponazzi, (1462-1525)^C^O^R
Richard Popkin
K. J. Popma, (1903-1986)
Karl Popper, (1902-1994)^C^O^R
Porphyry, (c. 232-c. 304)^C^O^R
Posidonius, (c. 135-51 BC)^R
Emil Leon Post, (1897-1954)^R
Robert Joseph Pothier, (1699-1772)^R
Roscoe Pound, (1870-1964)^R
Karl von Prantl
Henry Habberley Price, (1899-1984)^O
Richard Price, (1723-1791)^C^O^R
Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871-1947)^C^O^R
Robert Priddy, (born 1936)
Joseph Priestley, (1733-1804)^C^O^R
Arthur Prior, (1914-1969)^R
Proclus, (412-487)^O^R
Prodicus, (c. 450-399 BC)^R
Harry Prosch
Protagoras, (c. 481-420 BC)^O^R
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809-1865)^C^O^R
Michael Psellus the Elder, (fl. 9th century)
Michael Psellus the Younger, (11th century)
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, (5th century)^R
Pseudo-Grosseteste, (13th century)^R
Ptolemy, (c. 85-c. 165)^R
Samuel Pufendorf, (1632-1694)^C^R
Hilary Putnam, (born 1926)^C^O^R
Pyrrho, (c. 360-c. 270)^C^O^R
Pythagoras, (582 BC-496 BC)^C^O^R

Q

W. V. O. Quine, (1908-2000)^C^O^R
Anthony Quinton, (born 1925)^O

R

Fran篩s Rabelais, (1493-1553)^R
Gustav Radbruch, (1878-1949)^R
Janet Radcliffe Richards, (born 1944)^O
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888-1975)^O^R
Karl Rahner, (1904-1984)^R
Ramanuja, (1017-1137)^C^O^R
Frank Ramsey, (1903-1930)^C^O
Ian Thomas Ramsey, (1915-1972)^R
Paul Ramsey, (1913-1988)^R
Petrus Ramus, (1515-1572)^C^R
Jacques Ranci貥
Ayn Rand, (1905-1982)^R
Hastings Rashdall, (1858-1924)^C^O^R
Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813-1900)^R
John Rawls, (1921-2002)^C^O^R
John Ray, (1627-1705)^C
Daniel Raymond
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865-925)^C^R
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, (1149-1209)^R
Paul Ree, (1849-1901)^O
Pierre-Sylvain Regis, (1632-1707)^R
Wilhelm Reich, (1897-1957)^O
Hans Reichenbach, (1891-1953)^C^O^R
Thomas Reid, (1710-1796)^C^O^R
Hermann Samuel Reimarus, (1694-1768)^C
Adolf Reinach, (1883-1917)^R
Karl Leonhard Reinhold, (1757-1823)^C^R
Karl Renner, (1870-1950)^R
Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815-1903)^C^O^R
Nicholas Rescher, (born 1928)^O
Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364-1432)^R
David Ricardo, (1772-1823)
Richard of Middleton, (c. 1249-1306)^R
Richard of St. Victor, (d. 1173)^R
Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231-1259)^C^R
I. A. Richards, (1893-1979)
Radovan Richta, (1924-1983)
Heinrich Rickert, (1863-1936)
Paul Ricoeur, (1913-2005)^C^O^R
Bernhard Riemann, (1826-1866)
R.R. Rockingham Gill
Jacques Rohault, (1617-1672)^R
Erwin Rohde, (1845-1898)
Francisco Romero (1891-1962)^O
Avital Ronell
Richard Rorty, (born 1931)^C^O^R
Vasily Rozanov, (1856-1919)
Roscelin of Compi觮e, (c. 1050-c. 1120)^C^R
Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805-1879)
Franz Rosenzweig, (1886-1929)^C^O^R
Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, (1797-1855)^C^R
Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899-1979)^R
William David Ross, (1877-1971)^C^O^R
Gian-Carlo Rota, (1932-1999)
Jean Jacques Rousseau, (1712-1778)^C^O^R
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, (1760-1825)
Joseph Rovan, (1918-2004)
Josiah Royce, (1865-1916)^C^O^R
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, (1763-1845)
Vasily Rozanov, (1856-1919)^R
Arnold Ruge, (1802-1880)^R
Michael Ruse, (born 1940)
Bertrand Russell, (1872-1970)^C^O^R
Jan van Ruysbroek, (1293-1381)
Gilbert Ryle, (1900-1976)^C^O^R

S

Sa skya pandita (or Sagya pandita or Sagypandita), (1182-1251)^R
Saadia Gaon, (892-942)^C^O^R
al-Hajj Mulla Hadi al-Sabzawari, (1797-1873)^R
Mark Sainsbury, (born 1943)^O
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, (1760-1825)^C^O^R
ɭile Saisset, (1814-1863)
Nathan Salmon, (born 1951)
Wesley Salmon, (1925-2001)^O
Francisco Sanches, (1551-1623)^C^R
Michael Sandel, (born 1953)^O
George Santayana, (1863-1952)^C^O^R
Jean-Paul Sartre, (1905-1980)^C^O^R
Crispin Sartwell, (born 1958)
John Ralston Saul, (born 1947)
Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857-1913)^C^R
Fernando Savater, (born 1947)
Friedrich Karl von Savigny, (1779-1861)^R
Julius Caesar Scaliger, (1484-1558)
Richard Schacht, (born 1941)^O
Max Scheler, (1874-1928)^C^O^R
Friedrich Schelling, (1775-1852)^C^O^R
Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller, (1864-1937)^R
Friedrich Schiller, (1759-1805)^C^O^R
Friedrich von Schlegel, (1772 - 1829)^C^R
Hubert Schleichert
Friedrich Schleiermacher, (1768 - 1834)^C^R
Moritz Schlick, (1882-1936)^O^R
Carl Schmitt, (1888-1985)^R
J.B. Schneewind
Arthur Schopenhauer, (1788-1860)^C^O^R
Erwin Schr?ger, (1887-1961)^C
Gottlob Ernst Schulze, (1761-1833)^C
Joseph Schumpeter, (1883-1950)^R
Anna Maria van Schurman, (1607-1678)^R
[[Alfred Sch? (1899-1959)^O^R
Albert Schweizer
Roger Scruton, (born 1944)^O
John Searle, (born 1932)^C^O^R
Charles Secretan, (1815-1895)
[[Michal Sedziw󪝝, (1566-1636)
John Selden, (1584-1654)^R
Roy Wood Sellars, (1880-1973)^O
Wilfrid Sellars, (1912-1989)^C^O^R
Amartya Sen, (born 1933)^O
Seneca the Younger, (c. 4 BC-AD 65)^O^R
Sengzhao, (384-414)^R
John Sergeant, (1623-1704)^R
Michel Serres, (born 1930)
Sextus Empiricus, (2nd/3rd century)^C^O^R
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, (1671-1713)^C^O^R
Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah), (1703-1762)^R
Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang), (d. 338 BC)^C
Adi Shankara, (788-820)^C^O^R
Shao Yung, (1011-1077)^C^R
Shen Buhai, (d. 337 BC)^C
Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu), (c. 350-275 BC)^C
Lady Mary Shepherd, (1777-1847)^C
Lev Shestov, (1866-1938)^R
Shinran, (1173-1261)^R
Sydney Shoemaker, (born 1921)^O
Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879-1937)^C^R
Shuju
Henry Sidgwick, (1838-1900)^C^O^R
Sigerus of Brabant, (1240-1284)^C^R
Christoph Wilhelm von Sigwart, (1789-1844)
Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani, (c. 932-c. 1000)^R
Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara), (1474-1528)^R
Georg Simmel, (1858-1918)^C^R
Simplicius of Cilicia, (early 6th century)^C^R
Peter Singer, (born 1946)^O
B. F. Skinner, (1904-1990)^R
Thoralf Skolem, (1887-1963)^C
Hryhori Skovoroda, (1722-1794)^R
Peter Sloterdijk, (born 1947)
J. J. C. Smart, (born 1920)^C^O^R
Adam Smith, (1723-1790)^C^O^R
Huston Smith
Raymond Smullyan, (born 1919)
Joseph D. Sneed
Jan Sniadecki, (1756-1830)
Scott Soames
Socrates, (470 BC-399 BC)^C^O^R
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak al-Sohravardi (or al-Suhrawardi), (1154-1191)^O^R
Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger, (1780-1890)
Joseph Soloveitchik, (1903-1993)^R
Vladimir Solovyov, (1853-1900)^C^O^R
Richard Ruston Kharsedji Sorabji, (born 1934)^O
Georges Sorel, (1847-1922)^C^O^R
William Ritchie Sorley, (1855-1935)
Ernest Sosa, (born 1940)^O
Sosan Hyujong, (1520-1604)^R
Domingo de Soto, (1494-1560)^C^R
Othmar Spann, (1878-1950)
Herbert Spencer, (1820-1903)^C^O^R
Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823-1887)
Oswald Spengler
Speusippus, (410-339 BC)^O^R
Baruch Spinoza, (1632-1677)^C^O^R
Afrikan Spir, (1837-1890)^C
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, (born 1942)
Lysander Spooner, (1808-1887)
Timothy L.S. Sprigge, (born 1932)^O
Edward Stachura, (1937-1979)
[[Anne Louise Germaine de Sta묝], (1766-1817)^R
James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, (1619-1695)^R
Robert Stalnaker, (born 1940)^O
Henry Stanton, (1805-1887)
Olaf Stapledon
Stanislaw Staszic, (1755-1826)
Edith Stein, (1891-1942)
Rudolf Steiner, (1861-1925)^C^R
Leslie Stephen, (1832-1904)^C
Charles Leslie Stevenson, (1908-1979)^O^R
Dugald Stewart, (1753-1828)^O^R
Stephen Stich, (born 1944)^O
Edward Stillingfeet, (1635-1699)^C
Stilpo
James Hutchison Stirling, (1820-1909)
Max Stirner, (1806-1856)^C^O^R
George Frederick Stout, (1860-1944)^C^O
David Stove, (1927-1994)
Strato of Lampsacus, (c. 340-c. 268 BC)^C^R
David Friedrich Strauss, (1808-1874)^R
Leo Strauss, (1899-1973)^R
Galen Strawson
P. F. Strawson, (born 1919)^C^O^R
Barry Stroud, (born 1935)^O
Carl Stumpf, (1848-1936)
Francisco SuᲥz, (1548-1617)^C^O^R
Gabrielle Suchon, (1631-1703)^R
Sun Tzu
Sun Yat-sen, (1866-1925)^C
Sung Hsing (or Sung Tzu), (360-290 BC)^C
Heinrich Suso, (1300-1366)^R
Emanuel Swedenborg, (1688-1772)^R
Richard Swinburne, (born 1934)^C^O
Syrianus
David Sztybel, (born 1967)

T

Debendranath Tagore, (1817-1905)
Rabindranath Tagore, (1861-1941)^O^R
Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan), (1724-1777)^C^R
Hippolyte Taine, (1828-1893)^R
T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864-1898)^C
Tanabe Hajime, (1885-1962)^O^R
T'ang Chun-i, (1909-1978)^C
Alfred Tarski, (1901-1983)^C^O^R
Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, (1886-1980)
Johannes Tauler, (c. 1300-1361)^R
Nicolaus Taurellus
Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, (c. 930-1023)^R
Charles Taylor, (born 1931)^C^O^R
Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807-1858)^C^R
Richard Taylor, (1919-2003)^O
Gustav Teichmuller (1837-1888)^C
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881-1955)^C^R
Bernardino Telesio, (1509-1588)^C^R
Placide Tempels, (1906-1977)
William Temple, (1881-1944)^R
Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866-1957)^R
Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582)^C
Tertullian, (c. 160-c. 220)^C^R
Johannes Nikolaus Tetens, (1736-1807)^C^R
Thales, (c. 635 BC-543 BC)^C^O^R
Themistius, (317-387)^R
Theodorus of Cyrene, (c. 465-398 BC)
Theophrastus, (372-287 BC)^O^R
Helmut Thielicke, (1908-1986)^R
Thierry of Chartres, (fl. c. 1130-1150)^R
Thomas ࠋempis (1380-1471)^R
Thomas of York, (13th century)^R
Christian Thomasius, (1655-1728)^R
William Thompson, (1775-1833)
Judith Jarvis Thomson, (born 1929)^C^O
Henry David Thoreau, (1817-1862)^C^O^R
Thrasymachus, (5th century BC)^C^R
Thucydides, (c. 460-c. 400 BC)^R
Paul Tillich, (1886-1965)^C^R
Timaeus of Locres, (5th century BC)
Timon of Phlius, (c. 300 BC)^R
Matthew Tindal, (1657-1733)^R
Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805-1859)^R
Tzvetan Todorov, (born 1939)^R
John Toland, (1670-1722)^O^R
Francisco de Toledo, (1515-1584)^C^R
Leo Tolstoy, (1828-1910)^R
Tominaga Nakamoto, (1715-1746)^R
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg
Ernst Troeltsch, (1865-1923)^C^R
Leon Trotsky, (1879-1940)^O^R
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, (1651-1708)^R
Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche), (1357-1419)^R
Tsou Yen, (3rd century BC)^C
Abraham Tucker, (1705-1774)^R
Benjamin Tucker, (1854-1939)
Ernst Tugendhat, (born 1930)^O
Raimo Tuomela, (born 1940)
Alan Turing, (1912-1954)^O^R
George Turnball, (1698-1748)^C^R
Nasir al-Din Tusi, (1201-1274)^R
Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866-1938)^O^R
Michael Tye
TK Neezar Ahmed

U

Pietro Ubaldi, (1886-1972)
Udayana, (11th century)^R
Uddyotakara, (6th century)^R
Uisang, (625-702)^R
Ulrich of Strasbourg, (1220-1277)^R
Hermann Ulrici
Miguel de Unamuno, (1864-1936)^C^O^R
Peter Unger
Dimitri Uznadze, (1886-1950)

V

Hans Vaihinger, (1852-1933)^C^O^R
Valentinius (or Valentinus), (c. 100-c. 153)^C
Lorenzo Valla, (1406-1457)^C^O^R
Vallabhacharya, (1479-1531)^R
Bas C. van Fraassen, (born 1941)^O
Peter van Inwagen
Giulio Cesare Vanini, (1585-1619)^C
Francisco Varela, (1946-2001)
Vasubandhu, (4th century)^C^R
Vatsyayana, (5th century)^R
Emerich de Vattel, (1714-1767)
Gianni Vattimo, (born 1936)^R
Vauvenargues, (1715-1747)^C
Gabriel Vazquez, (1549-1604)^C
John Venn, (1834-1923)^R
Nicoletto Vernia, (1442-1499)^R
Giambattista Vico, (1668-1744)^C^O^R
Milan Vidmar, (1885-1962)
Michel Villey, (1914-1988)^R
Vital Du Four, (1260-1327)^R
Francisco de Vitoria, (1492-1546)^C^O^R
Juan Lu�Vives, (1492-1540)^C^R
Gregory Vlastos, (1907-1991)^O^R
Eric Voegelin, (1901-1985)^R
Voltaire, (1694-1778)^O^R
Georg Henrik von Wright, (1916-2003)^C^O^R
Lev Vygotsky, (1896-1934)^O^R
Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877-1954)^R

W

Jean Wahl, (1888-1974)
Friedrich Waismann, (1896-1959)
David Walford
Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823-1913)^R
Michael Walzer, (born 1935)^O
Ernest Wamba dia Wamba, (born 1942)
Wang Ch'ung, (27-97)^C^R
Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619-1692)^C^R
Hao Wang, (1921-1995)^O
Wang Pi, (226-249)^C
Wang Yangming, (1472-1529)^C^O^R
James Ward, (1843-1925)^C
Geoffrey J. Warnock, (1923-1996)^O
Mary Warnock, (born 1924)^O
John B. Watson, (1878-1958)^O
Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889-1960)^O^R
Alan Watts, (1915-1973)
Max Weber, (1864-1920)^C^O^R
Eric Weil, (1904-1977)
Simone Weil, (1909-1943)^C^O^R
Ota Weinberger, (born 1919)^R
Otto Weininger, (1880-1903)
Christian Hermann Weisse
Cornel West, (born 1953)
Edvard Westermarck, (1862-1939)^C
Hermann Weyl, (1885-1955)^R
Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879-1951)^R
William Whewell, (1794-1866)^C^O^R
Benjamin Whichcote, (1609-1683)
Thomas White, (1593-1676)^R
Alfred North Whitehead, (1861-1947)^C^O^R
David Wiggins, (born 1933)^O
Ken Wilber, (born 1949)
William of Alnwick, (1270-1333)^C
William of Auvergne, (1180-1249)^C^R
William of Auxerre, (d. 1231)^C^R
William of Champeaux, (c. 1070-1121)^R
William of Conches, (c. 1080 - 1154)^R
William of Moerbeke, (c. 1215-1286)^C
William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood), (1190-1249)^C^R
Bernard Williams, (1929-2003)^C^O^R
Timothy Williamson, (born 1955)
John Cook Wilson, (1849-1915)^C
Peter Winch, (1926-1997)^O
Wilhelm Windelband, (1848-1915)^C
Kwasi Wiredu, (born 1931)
John Wisdom, (1904-1993)^O
John Witherspoon, (1723-1794)^R
Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885-1939)
Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889-1951)^C^O^R
Adam de Wodeham, (1298-1358)^C^R
Christian Wolff, (1679-1754)^C^O^R
William Wollaston, (1659-1724)^C^R
Richard Wollheim, (1923-2003)^O
Mary Wollstonecraft, (1759-1797)^C^O^R
Nicholas Wolterstorff, (born 1932)
Wonchuk, (613-696)^R
Wonhyo Daisa, (617-686)^R
Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui}, (1865-1953)
Chauncey Wright, (1830-1875)^C^O
Crispin Wright, (born 1942)^O
Jerzy Wroblewski, (1926-1990)^R
Wilhelm Wundt, (1832-1920)^C^R
John Wyclif, (c. 1330-1384)^C^O^R

X

Xenocrates, (396-314 BC)^O^R
Xenophanes of Colophon, (570-480 BC)^C^O^R
Xenophon, (427-355 BC)^C^R
Xun Zi (or Hsun Tzu), (c. 310-237 BC)^C^O^R

Y

Yajnavalkya, (c. 1800 BC)
Yang Chu, (370-319 BC)^C^R
Yang Hsiung (or Yang Xiong) (53 BC-AD 18)^C^R
Yen Yuan (1635-1704)^C
Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501-1570)^R
Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536-1584)^R
Yi Kan (1677-1727)^R
Francis Parker Yockey, (1917-1960)
Yokoi Shounan, (1809-1869)
Arthur M. Young, (1905-1995)

Z

Jacopo Zabarella, (1533-1589)^C^R
Ravi Zacharias, (born 1946)
Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899-1990)
Zeami Motokiyo, (c.1363?c.1443)^R
Eduard Zeller, (1814-1908)
Zeno of Citium, (333 BC-264 BC)^O^R
Zeno of Elea, (circa 495 BC-circa 430 BC)^O^R
Zeno of Sidon, (1st century BC)
Zeno of Tarsus
Ernst Zermelo, (1871-1953)^R
Philip Zhai
Zhiyi (538-597)^R
Zhou Guoping
Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi), (1130-1200))^C^O^R
Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou), (circa 300 BC)^C^O
Slavoj Žižek, (1949-)
Florian Znaniecki, (1882-1958)
Zongmi (780-841)^R
Xavier Zubiri, (1889-1983)
Arnold Zuboff

Notes

Note C: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0521637228

Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0198661320

Note R: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0415223644

List of philosophers

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