List of cognitive biases
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Cognitive bias is distortion in the way we perceive reality (see also cognitive distortion).
Some of these have been verified empirically in the field of psychology, others are considered general categories of bias.
- anchoring
- anthropic bias
- anthropocentric bias
- androocentric bias
- attribution, attributional bias
- availability error
- Barnum effect
- base rate neglect
- behavioral confirmation
- belief perseverance
- bias blind spot
- clustering illusion
- confirmation bias
- conjunction fallacy
- contrast effect
- cultural bias
- dilution effect
- disconfirmation bias
- egocentric bias
- endowment effect
- expectancy effect
- experimenter's regress
- false consensus effect
- framing effect
- fundamental attribution error
- gambler's fallacy
- group-serving bias
- group attribution error
- halo effect
- hindsight bias
- hostile media effect
- hyperbolic discounting
- illusion of control
- illusion of validity
- illusory correlation
- impact bias
- inequity aversion
- infrastructure bias
- ingroup bias
- just-world phenomenon
- Kuleshov effect
- Lake Wobegon effect
- logical fallacy
- loss aversion
- media bias
- memory bias
- mere exposure effect
- misinformation effect
- negativity effect
- negative perception of the color black
- notational bias
- outgroup homogeneity bias
- overconfidence effect
- pathetic fallacy
- peak-end rule
- physical attractiveness stereotype
- planning fallacy
- picture superiority effect
- positivity effect
- preference reversal
- primacy effect
- priming
- projection bias
- pseudocertainty effect
- pseudo-opinion
- publication bias
- recency effect
- regression fallacy
- reporting bias
- risk-aversion
- rosy retrospection
- sample bias
- selection bias
- selective perception
- self-deception
- self-serving bias
- spacing effect
- statistical bias
- status quo bias
- sunk cost effects
- tunnel vision
- trait ascription bias
- valence effect
- Von Restorff effect
- wishful thinking
- worse-than-average effect
- Zeigarnik effect
Common theoretical causes of some cognitive biases:
- attribution theory, especially:
- cognitive dissonance, and related:
- heuristics, including:
Other cognitive biases:
References
- Plous, S. (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070504776
- Gilovich, T. (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0029117062
- Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521284147
- Gilovich, T., Griffin D. & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521796792