Interface (computer science)
|
|
An interface is a specification that exists between software components that specifies a selected means of interaction, by means of properties of other software modules, which abstract and encapsulate their data.
Interfaces in practice
An interface defines the means of interaction between software components - this includes constants, data types, types of procedures, exception specifications and method signatures. In some instances, it may be useful to define variables as part of the interface. It often also specifies the functionality of those procedures and methods, either by comments or (in some experimental languages) by formal logical assertions.
The interface of a software module <math>A<math> is deliberately kept separate from the implementation of that module. The latter contains the actual code of the procedures and methods described in the interface, as well as other "private" variables, procedures, etc.. Any other software module <math>B<math> (which can be referred to as a client to A) that interacts with <math>A<math> is forced to do so only through the interface. One practical advantage of this arrangement is that replacing the implementation of <math>A<math> by another one that meets the same specifications of the interface should not cause <math>B<math> to fail — as long its use of <math>A<math> complies with the specifications of the interface (See also Liskov substitution principle).
Uses of interfaces
The concept of interface is the cornerstone of modular programming, a forerunner and a standard ingredient of object-oriented programming. In object-oriented programming, an object's interface consists of a set of methods that the object will typically respond to. Note that the object does not make its instance variables a part of its interface - these are typically accessed by means of accessor methods.
Some object-oriented programming languages mandate that the interface to the object be specified to the compiler separately from the implementation of that object, whilst others relax the requirement. For example, a class in a programming languages such as Objective-C consists of its interface, specified in a header file, and the implementation in the source file. Because of the dynamically typed nature of Objective-C, one can send messages to any object, and the interface to the class becomes important as it specifies the methods the class responds to.
Interfaces were historically derived from the header files of the C programming language by restricting their syntactic context and contents, and making them a part of the language semantics (as opposed to a mere preprocessor feature).
The Java programming language takes a different approach to the concept of the interface normally existing in other object-oriented programming languages (ie., that the interface specified is the interface to the class), in that an interface specifies a set of methods which implement some specific functionality, common to a set of classes. See protocol (object-oriented programming).
Certain programming languages have different methodologies for allowing the construction of interfaces. In general, any programming language can implement an interface, but the following programming languages provide specific interface constructs of some kind or other: