Identity (mathematics)

In mathematics, identity can refer to an equality that remains true regardless of the values of any variables that appear within it. Alternatively, in algebra, an identity or identity element of a set S with a binary operation is an element e which combined with any element s of S produces s. Yet a third meaning is that an identity is a function f from a set S to itself, such that f(x) = x for all x in S.

A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity

<math>( \sin \theta)^2 + ( \cos \theta)^2 = 1,\,<math>

which is true for all values of <math>\theta<math>.

A common example of the second meaning is addition in the real numbers, where 0 is the identity. This means that for all <math>a\in\Bbb{R}<math>,

<math>0 + a = a,\,<math>
<math>a + 0 = a,\,<math>

and

<math>0 + 0 = 0.\,<math>

A common example of the third meaning is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set { 1, 2, ..., n } to itself.

See also list of mathematical identities.

Template:Math-stubit:Identità (matematica) zh:恒等式

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