Human lung
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The human lungs are the human organs of respiration.
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Frontal view of lungs cut open Trachea branches into bronchi |
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Organization
- The conducting zone contains the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the terminal bronchioles
- The respiratory zone contains the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveoli.
The conducting zone and the respiratory zone (but not the alveoli) are made up of airways.
The conducting zone has no gas exchange with the blood, and is reinforced with cartilage and smooth muscle, which are very strong. Smooth muscle has variable resistance to air flow. The conducting zone warms the air to 37 degrees C and humidifies the air. It also cleanses the air by removing particles.
The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange with blood.
The smooth muscle tone in bronchioles, and therefore bronchiolar diameter, is controlled by:
- the sympathetic nervous system via noradrenaline acting on the beta receptors and causes bronchodilation
- the parasympathetic nervous system via acetyl choline which acts on the muscarinic receptors and causes bronchoconstriction
- many other non autonomic nervous and biochemical stimuli including, for example, carbon dioxide.
The intrapleural space is the potential space between the pleura lining the inner wall of the thoracic cage and the pleura lining the lungs.
Details
Humans have two lungs, with the left being divided into 2 lobes and the right into 3 lobes. These contain approximately 1500 miles of airways and 300 million alveoli, having a total surface area of about 140m2 in adults - roughly the same area as a tennis court.
Total lung capacity includes inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. The total lung capacity depends on the person's age, height, weight, sex. It ranges between ca. 4,000-6,000 cm3. For example, females tend to have a 20-25% lower capacity than males. Tall people tend to have a larger total lung capacity than shorter people. Smokers have a lower capacity than nonsmokers. Lung capacity is also affected by altitude. A person who is born and lives at sea level will have a smaller lung capacity than a person who spends their life at a high altitude. In addition to the total lung capacity, one also measures the tidal volume, the volume breathed in with an average breath, about 500 cm3. For a detailed discussion of the various lung volumes, see the article on lung volumes.
Typical adult resting breathing pattern has a breath rate of 10-20 breaths per minute with 1/3 of the breath time in inspiration.
Development
- After 5 weeks
At rest, in a normal adult, 4L of fresh air enters and leaves the alveoli per minute, while 5L of blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries.
Diseases
The following is a list of important medical conditions involving the lung. Many of these are caused or worsened by smoking.
- Lung cancer
- Emphysema is an enlargement of the air spaces in the lung, making it hard to breathe.
- Asthma is an immunological disease which causes the bronchioles to narrow by inflammation and spasm of the lining of the airway wall.
- Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease which causes the lung to produce abnormally viscous mucus.
- A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot obstructs an artery leading to the lung.
- Tuberculosis is a transmittable bacterial infection of the lung, the most common infectous disease today.
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lung, caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi.
- Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi.
- A collapsed lung (pneumothorax) can occur when one or both walls of the pleural cavity are penetrated by injury, allowing air to enter.
- In pulmonary edema fluid from the capillaries enters the alveoli. This can be caused by weakness of the left side of the heart (resulting in a blood holdup in the lung), altitude sickness, or rarely inhaling toxic gases.
It is now also possible to transplant lungs, even together with the heart.
See also
Lung - Respiration - Anatomy