Herman Melville
|
|
Herman Melville (August 1 1819 – September 28 1891) was an American novelist, essayist, and poet. During his own lifetime his early novels, South Seas adventures, were quite popular, but his audience declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten, but his masterpiece, Moby-Dick, was "rediscovered" in following years and he is now widely esteemed as one of the most important figures in American literature.
Melville was a friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was influenced by the latter's writing; Moby-Dick is dedicated to Hawthorne. In his later life, his works no longer accessible to a broad audience, he was not able to make money from writing. He depended on his wife's family for money, and later became a New York City Customs agent. His short novel Billy Budd, an unpublished manuscript at the time of his death, was later published successfully and was turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten.
Melville also wrote White-Jacket, Typee, Omoo, Pierre, The Confidence Man and many short stories and works of various genres. His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces, and has been considered a precursor to Existentialist and Absurdist literature. Melville is less well known as a poet and did not write any substantial poetry until late in his life; after the Civil War, he published Battle-Pieces, which sold well. But once again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's poetic masterpiece, the epic length verse-narrative Clarel, about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite unknown in his own time.
| Contents |
Life
Paraphrased from the introduction written by Arthur Stedman to the 1892 edition of Melville's Typee:
Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, and received his early education in that city. He says he gained his first love of adventure listening to his father Allan, who was an extensive traveller for his time, telling tales of the monstrous waves at sea, mountain high, of the masts bending like twigs, and all about Le Havre and Liverpool. After the death of his father the family (eight brothers and sisters) moved to the village of Lansingburg, on the Hudson River. There Herman remained until 1835, when he attended the Albany Classical School for some months.
Herman's roving disposition, and a desire to support himself independently of family assistance, soon led him to ship as cabin boy in a New York vessel bound for Liverpool. He made the voyage, visited London, and returned in the same ship. 'Redburn: His First Voyage,' published in 1849, is partly founded on the experiences of this trip.
A good part of the succeeding three years, from 1837 to 1840, was occupied with school-teaching.
I fancy that it was the reading of Richard Henry Dana's Two Years Before the Mast which revived the spirit of adventure in Melville's breast. That book was published in 1840, and was at once talked of everywhere. Melville must have read it at the time, mindful of his own experience as a sailor. At any rate, he once more signed a ship's articles, and on January 1, 1841, sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts harbour in the whaler Acushnet, bound for the Pacific Ocean and the sperm fishery. He has left very little direct information as to the events of this eighteen months' cruise, although his whaling romance, 'Moby-Dick; or, the Whale,' probably gives many pictures of life on board the Acushnet. Melville decided to abandon the vessel on reaching the Marquesas Islands; and the narrative of 'Typee' and its sequel, 'Omoo,' tell this tale.
After a sojourn at the Society Islands, Melville shipped for Honolulu. There he remained for four months, employed as a clerk. He joined the crew of the American frigate United States, which reached Boston, stopping on the way at one of the Peruvian ports, in October of 1844. Once more was a narrative of his experiences to be preserved in 'White Jacket; or, the World in a Man-of-War.' Thus, of Melville's four most important books, three, 'Typee,' 'Omoo,' and 'White-Jacket,' are directly auto biographical, and 'Moby-Dick' is partially so; while the less important 'Redburn' is between the two classes in this respect.
Melville married Miss Elizabeth Shaw [daughter of noted jurist, Lemuel Shaw ] on August 4, 1847, in Boston, whereupon his nautical wanderings were brought to a conclusion. Mr. and Mrs. Melville resided in New York City until 1850, when they purchased a farmhouse at Pittsfield. Here Melville remained for thirteen years, occupied with his writing, and managing his farm. An article in Putnam's Monthly entitled 'I and My Chimney,' another called 'October Mountain,' and the introduction to the 'Piazza Tales,' present faithful pictures of Arrow Head and its surroundings.
While at Pittsfield, Mr. Melville was induced to enter the lecture field. From 1857 to 1860 he filled many engagements in the lyceums, chiefly speaking of his adventures in the South Seas.
After an illness that lasted a number of months, Herman Melville died at his home in New York City early on the morning of September 28, 1891. He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York.
Works
Novels
- Typee: [1] (http://wikisource.org/wiki/Typee) A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846)
- Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847)
- Mardi: And a Voyage Thither (1849)
- Redburn: His First Voyage (1849)
- White-Jacket: or, The World in a Man-of-War (1850)
- Moby-Dick (1851)
- Pierre: or, The Ambiguities (1852)
- Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile (1855)
- The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade (1857)
- Billy Budd, Sailor: An Inside Narrative (1924)
Short stories
- The Piazza Tales (1856)
- "The Piazza" -- the only story specifically written for the collection. (The other five had previously been published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine.)
- "Bartleby the Scrivener" [2] (http://wikisource.org/wiki/Bartleby_the_Scrivener)
- "Benito Cereno"
- "The Lightning-Rod Man"
- "The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles"
- "The Bell-Tower"
Poetry
- Battle Pieces: And Aspects of the War (1866)
- Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land (poems) (1876)
- John Marr and Other Sailors (1888)
- Timoleon (1891)
Uncollected
- Fragments from a Writing Desk, No. 1 (Published in Democratic Press, and Lansingburgh Advertiser, May 4 1839)
- Fragments from a Writing Desk, No. 2 (Published in Democratic Press, and Lansingburgh Advertiser, May 18 1839)
- Etchings of a Whaling Cruise (Published in New York Literary World, March 6 1847)
- Authentic Anecdotes of "Old Zack" (Published in Yankee Doodle, II, weekly (September 4 excepted) from July 24 to September 11 1847)
- Mr Parkman's Tour (Published in New York Literary World, March 31 1849)
- Cooper's New Novel (Published in New York Literary World, April 28 1849)
- A Thought on Book-Binding (Published in New York Literary World, March 16 1850)
- Hawthorne and His Mosses (Published in New York Literary World, August 17 and August 24 1850)
- Cock-A-Doodle-Doo! (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, December 1853)
- Poor Man's Pudding and Rich Man's Crumbs (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, June 1854)
- The Happy Failure (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, July 1854)
- The Fiddler (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, September 1854)
- The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, April 1855)
- Jimmy Rose (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, November 1855)
- The 'Gees (Published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, March 1856)
- I and My Chimney (Published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine, March 1856)
- The Apple-Tree Table (Published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine, May 1856)
- Uncollected Prose (1856)
- The Two Temples (unpublished in Melville's lifetime)
Quotations
"Are there no Moravians in the Moon, that not a missionary has yet visited this poor pagan planet of ours, to civilise civilisation and christianise Christendom?" from White Jacket (1850)
- Selected quotations at Wikiquote (http://wikiquote.org/wiki/Herman_Melville)
External links
- Project Gutenberg (and other) e-texts of some of Herman Melville's works (http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Herman+Melville)
- Billy Budd -- the whole text, free (http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/36/1006)
- Moby-Dick (http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2701) Gutenberg EText
- Review by glbtq (http://www.glbtq.com/literature/melville_h.html) - "Herman Melville reflects his homosexuality throughout his texts".bg:Херман Мелвил
da:Herman Melville de:Herman Melville eo:Herman MELVILLE es:Herman Melville fr:Herman Melville he:הרמן מלוויל hr:Herman Melville it:Herman Melville ja:ハーマン・メルヴィル pl:Herman Melville