Gustav Stresemann
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| Missing image Gustavstresemann.jpg | |
| Order: | 16th Chancellor of Germany |
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| Term of Office: | August 13, 1923–November 23, 1923 |
| Predecessor: | Wilhelm Cuno |
| Successor: | Wilhelm Marx |
| Date of Birth: | May 10, 1878 |
| Date of Death: | October 3, 1929 |
| Political Party: | DVP |
| Profession: | economist |
Gustav Stresemann (May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German politician and statesman during the Weimar Republic and the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
Stresemann was born in Berlin on May 10 1878. He came from middle class origins, as the son of a Berlin innkeeper and beer distributor. However, he attended Universities of Berlin and Leipzig, studied philosophy and literature and received a doctorate in economics. He also became a spokesman for his student association.
In 1902 he founded the Saxon Manufacturers' Association. In 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld, daughter of a Jewish Berlin businessman. In 1906 he was elected into Dresden town council. Though he had initially worked in trade associations, Stresemann soon became a leader of the National Liberal Party in Saxony, being elected to the Reichstag in 1907, where he soon became a close associate of party chairman Ernst Bassermann. However, he disagreed with the most conservative party member and lost his post in the party's executive committee in 1912 and later the same year both his parliamentary and town council seats. He returned to business and founded the German-American Economic Association. He returned to Reichstag in 1914. He was exempted from the war service due to poor health.
Although before the outbreak of World War I, Stresemann had been associated with the left wing of the National Liberals, but during the war his support for Germany's expansionist goals caused him to gradually move to the right. He was one of the proponents of the unrestricted submarine warfare. Stresemann's association with the far right led to his exclusion from the new German Democratic Party after the war, leading him to found his own party, the D.V.P (Deutsche Volkspartei German People's Party), composed of the right wing of the old National Liberal Party. The D.V.P favored laissez faire free-market economics, Christian family values message, secular education, a policy of lowering tariffs, hostility to Marxism (in the Weimar Republic, the term Marxism referred not only to the Communists, but to the Social Democrats as well), opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsides, and at best a grudging acceptance of democracy. Most of the German People's Party support came from middle class and upper class Protestants.
Although the party was initially seen, along with the more straightforwardly conservative German National People's Party, as part of the "national opposition" to the Weimar Republic, particularly for its ambivalent attitude towards the Freikorps and the Kapp Putsch in 1920, Stresemann gradually tried more and more to work with the parties of the left and center. One reason for this was probably political murders like that of Walther Rathenau. In August 13 1923, in the midst of the Ruhr Crisis, he was appointed Chancellor of a grand coalition government.
As Chancellor, Stresemann went a long way towards resolving the crisis, but some of his moves - like his refusal to deal firmly with culprits of the Beer Hall Putsch - alienated the Social Democrats, who left the coalition and caused its collapse in November 23 1923. Stresemann remained as Foreign Minister in the government of his successor, Centrist Wilhelm Marx, and continued to hold that position through numerous governments until his death. By the mid-1920s, Stresemann was regarded as a Vernunftrepublikaner (republican by reason), that is someone who accepted the Republic as the least worse alternative, but was in their heart still loyal to the monarchy .
As Foreign Secretary, Stresemann had numerous achievements, particularly the signing of the Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium in 1925, the entry of Germany into the League of Nations in 1926, and the Dawes Plan of 1924, the Treaty of Berlin in 1926 and Young Plan of 1929, which reduced Germany's reparations payments under the Treaty of Versailles. During his period in the foreign ministry, Stresemann came more and more to accept the Republic, which he had at first rejected. He also befriended Aristide Briand.
Stresemann has generally been considered one of the most important leaders of Germany during the Weimar Republic. He was one of the first to talk about European economic integration. He shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Aristide Briand and Austen Chamberlain for 1925 and 1926. Gustav Stresemann died of a massive heart attack on October 3, 1929 at the age of 51.
The sudden and premature death of Stresemann, the death of his "pragmatic moderate" French counterpart Briand, in 1931, and the assassination of Brand's successor Louis Barthou, in 1934, left a vacuum in European statesmanship, which further hardened the path to World War II.
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First Cabinet, August - October 1923
- Gustav Stresemann (DVP) - Chancellor and Foreign Minister
- Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Vice Chancellor and Reconstruction Minister
- Wilhelm Sollmann (SPD) - Interior Minister
- Rudolf Hilferding (SPD) - Finance Minister
- Hans von Raumer (DVP) - Economics Minister
- Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Labour Minister
- Gustav Radbruch (SPD) - Justice Minister
- Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
- Anton Höfle (Z) - Postal Minister
- Rudolf Oeser (DDP) - Transport Minister
- Hans Luther - Food Minister
- Johannes Fuchs (Z) - Occupied Areas Minister
Second Cabinet, October - November 1923
- Gustav Stresemann (DVP) - Chancellor and Foreign Minister
- Wilhelm Sollmann (SPD) - Interior Minister
- Hans Luther - Finance Minister
- Joseph Koeth - Economics Minister
- Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Employment Minister
- Gustav Radbruch (SPD) - Justice Minister
- Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
- Anton Höfle (Z) - Postal Minister
- Rudolf Oeser (DDP) - Transport Minister
- Gerhard Graf von Kanitz - Food Minister
- Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Reconstruction Minister
- Johannes Fuchs (Z) - Occupied Areas Minister
Changes
- November 3, 1923 - The Social Democratic Ministers, Sollmann, Radbruch, and Schmidt, resign. Sollmann is succeeded as Interior Minister by Karl Jarres (DVP). The others are not replaced before the ministry falls
| Preceded by: Wilhelm Cuno | Chancellor of Germany 1923 | Succeeded by: Wilhelm Marx |
| Preceded by: Hans von Rosenberg | Minister of Foreign Affairs 1923–1929 | Succeeded by: Julius Curtius |
Books
- Jonathan Wright: Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman (2002).
External link
- Hitler, Stresemann and the Discontinuity of German Foreign Policy (http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/tshreve/apwebpage/readings/hitlerstresseman.html) by Edgar Feuchtwanger.de:Gustav Stresemann
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