Golden Bull of 1356
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The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet of Nuremberg) that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. It was named the "Golden Bull" for the golden seal it carried.
The Golden Bull explicitly named the seven Kurfürsten (Electors) who were to choose the King of the Romans, who would then usually be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope later. Consequently, the Bull speaks of the rex in imperatorem promovendus, the "king to be promoted emperor"—although the distinction between the two titles would become increasingly irrelevant (and virtually nonexistent after 1508).
Even though the practice of election had existed earlier and most of the dukes named in the Golden Bull were involved in the election, and although the practice had mostly been written down in an earlier document from 1338, the Golden Bull was more precise in several ways. For one, the dukeships of the Electors were declared indivisible, and succession was regulated for them to ensure that the votes would never split. Secondly, the Bull prescribed that four votes would always suffice to elect the new King; as a result, three Electors could no longer block the election, and the principle of majority voting was explicitly stated for the first time in the Empire. Finally, the Bull cemented a number of privileges for the Kurfürsten to confirm their elevated role in the Empire. It is therefore also a milestone in the establishment of largely independent states in the Empire, a process to be concluded only centuries later.
The bull regulated the whole election process in great detail, listing explicitly where, when, and under which circumstances what should be done by whom, not only for the prince-electors but also e.g. for the population of Frankfurt, where the elections were to be held, and also for the counts of the regions the prince-electors had to travel through to get there. The elections were to be concluded within thirty days; failing that, the bull prescribed that the prince-electors were to receive only bread and water until they had decided:
- "Quod si facere distulerint infra triginta dies, a die prestiti juramenti prefati continuo numerandos, extunc transactis eisdem triginta diebus amodo panem manducent et aquam et nullatenus civitatem exeant antedictam, nisi prius per ipsos vel majorem partem ipsorum rector seu temporale caput fidelium electum fuerit, ut prefertur." [Ch. 2, §3] (The city referred to is Frankfurt.)
Besides regulating the election process, the Golden Bull in its 31 chapters contained a lot of minor decrees. For instance, it also defined the order of marching when the emperor was present, both with and without his insignia. A relatively major decision was made in chapter 15, where Charles IV outlawed any conjurationes, confederationes, and conspirationes, meaning in particular the city alliances (Städtebünde), but also other communal leagues that had sprung up through the communal movement in medieval Europe. Most Städtebünde were subsequently dissolved, sometimes forcibly, and where refounded, their political influence was much reduced. Thus the Golden Bull also strengthened the nobility in general to the detriment of the cities.
See also
External links
- The complete Golden Bull of 1356 (http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/golden.htm), translated into English.
- Selections from the Golden Bull (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/goldenbull.html) from the Internet Mediæval Sourcebook (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html) at the Fordham University Centre for Mediæval Studies (http://www.fordham.edu/mvst/).
- The integral Golden Bull (http://www.phil.uni-erlangen.de/~p1ges/netzsem/gb/gb_frame.html) in Latin, comparative listing of all five initial copies.de:Goldene Bulle