Fricative consonant
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| Manners of articulation |
| Nasal |
| Plosive |
| Fricative |
| Affricate |
| Lateral |
| Approximant |
| Semivowel |
| Liquid |
| Flap/Tap |
| Trill |
| Ejective |
| Implosive |
| Click |
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Fricative consonants are produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together (e.g. the upper teeth and lower lip in the case of , or the back of the tongue and the soft palate, as in the case of German , the final consonant of Bach). This turbulent airflow is called "frication." A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants (sometimes referred to as stridents). When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but the air is directed over the sharp edge of the teeth. English , , , and are examples of this.
Sibilant fricatives
- voiceless alveolar fricative
- alveolar ejective fricative
- voiced alveolar fricative
- voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (domed)
- voiced palato-alveolar fricative (domed)
- voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (laminal)
- voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (laminal)
- voiceless retroflex fricative (apical or sub-apical)
- voiced retroflex fricative (apical or sub-apical)
The sibilants are either alveolar or postalveolar. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation the tongue may be domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. (The sub-apicals, or true retroflexes, are not usually distinguished from the apical retroflexes.) The alveolars may also be apical or laminal, but this is indicated with diacritics rather than separate symbols.
Non-sibilant fricatives
- voiceless bilabial fricative
- voiced bilabial fricative
- voiceless labiodental fricative
- voiced labiodental fricative
- voiceless dental fricative
- voiced dental fricative
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative
- voiceless palatal fricative
- voiced palatal fricative
- voiceless velar fricative
- voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative (disputed)
- voiced velar fricative
- voiceless uvular fricative
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative
- voiceless epiglottal fricative
Approximants or fricatives
No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeals and epiglottals, approximants are more numerous than fricatives.
Pseudo-fricatives
The glottal "fricatives" are actually unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, they are called fricatives for historical reasons.
In addition, is usually called a voiceless labial-velar fricative, but it is actually an approximant. Doubly-articulated fricatives do not appear to occur.
See English language#Consonants for a table of fricatives in English.
Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 26, some of which do not have symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants).