Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who is also referred to as Francis von Habsburg or Emperor Franz I of Austria (February 12, 1768 – March 2, 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was disbanded. He was also Francis I, first Emperor of Austria (ruling from 1804 to 1835).
He was a son of Leopold II of Austria (1747 – 1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 – 1792).
As the leader of a large multi-ethnic nation, Francis felt threatened by Napoleon's call for liberty and equality in Europe. Francis had a rocky relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette died under the guillotine at the beginning of his reign. Later, he led Austria into the French Revolutionary Wars and was defeated by Napoleon. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia. He again fought against France during the Second Coalition, and, after meeting crushing defeat at Austerlitz, agreed to the Treaty of Lunéville, which dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, weakening Austria and decentralizing Germany.
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In 1809, Francis attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of the conflict embroiling Napoleon in Spain. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor. Francis essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of France. The Napoleonic wars drastically weakened Austria and reduced its prestige, which would lead to Prussia's acquiring the edge in the contest for dominance of Germany.
In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined England, Russia, and Prussia in their war against Napoleon. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.
He married four times:
First, on January 6, 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg (April 21, 1767 – February 18, 1790), who died bearing a short-lived daughter, Ludovika (1790-1791)
Secondly, on August 15, 1790, to his first cousin Maria Theresa of the Two Sicilies (June 6, 1772 – April 13, 1807), daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, with whom he had twelve children, but only seven reached adulthood:
- Marie-Louise, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.
- Ferdinand I, his successor.
- Maria Leopoldina, who married Pedro I of Brazil.
- Maria Clementina (1798-1881), who married her uncle Prince Leopoldo of the Two Sicilies (son of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies).
- Marie Caroline (1801-1832), who married King Friedrich August II of Saxony.
- Franz Karl, whose son became Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
- Maria Anna (1804-1858).
Thirdly, on January 6, 1808, he married again to another first cousin, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (December 14, 1787 – April 7, 1816) with no issue. She was the daughther of Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria and Maria Beatrice d'Este Princess of Modena.
And lastly, on October 29, 1816, to Karoline Charlotte Auguste of Bavaria (February 8, 1792 – February 9, 1873) with no issue. She was daughter of Maximilian I of Bavaria and had been previously married to William I of Württemberg.
Names in other languages: German: Franz II/I, Czech: František I, Slovak: František I, Hungarian: I. Ferenc, Italian: Francesco II/I, Slovenian Franc.