Four-momentum
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In special relativity, four-momentum is a four-vector that replaces classical momentum; the four-momentum of a particle is defined as the particle's mass times the particle's four-velocity.
- <math> P^a := mU^a= \left( \gamma c , \gamma u_x , \gamma u_y ,\gamma u_z \right) = \left( \gamma m c^2 /c , \gamma m u_x , \gamma m u_y ,\gamma m u_z \right) = \left( {E \over c} , \gamma p_x , \gamma p_y ,\gamma p_z \right)<math>
where
- <math> \gamma m c^2 = E \,\!<math>
is the energy of the moving body.
Calculating the norm of the momentum-energy quad-vector we obtain:
- <math> P^aP_a \ = \sqrt{{E^2 \over c^2} - {\gamma}^2 m^2 u^2} = mc <math>
and since c is a constant we may say that the norm of the four-momentum vector is equal to the body's mass; although, when computing values, it is really only equal to the mass if we choose to work in units of measurement in which the speed of light is simply c = 1.
The conservation of the four-momentum yields 3 laws of "classical" conservation:
- The energy (p0) is conserved.
- The classical momentum is conserved.
- The norm of the four-momentum is conserved.
In reactions between an isolated handful of particles, four-momentum is conserved. The mass of a system of particles may be more than the sum of the particle's masses, since kinetic energy counts as mass. As an example, two particles with the four-momentums {5, 4, 0, 0} and {5, -4, 0, 0} both have the mass 3, but their total mass is 10. Note that the length of the four-vector {t, x, y, z} is <math>\sqrt{t^2-x^2-y^2-z^2}<math>
The scalar product of a four-momentum and the corresponding four-acceleration is always 0.