Fifth Monarchists
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The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were active from 1649 to 1661 during the Interregnum, following the English Civil Wars of the 1600s. They took their name from a belief in a world ruling kingdom to be established by a returning Jesus in which the year 1666 and its numerical relationship to a passage in the Biblical Book of Revelation indicating the end of earthly rule by carnal human beings.
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Overview
1649 was a year of great social unrest in England. The Parliamentary victors of the First English Civil War failed to negotiate a constitutional settlement with the defeated King Charles I. Members of Parliament and the Grandees in the New Model Army when faced with Charles's perceived duplicity, reluctantly tried and executed him.
Government throughout the King's Privy Council was replaced with a new body called Council of State, which due to fundamental disagreements within a weakened Parliament, was dominated by the Army. Many people were active in politics, suggesting alternative forms of government to replace the old order. These ranged from Royalists who wished to place King Charles II on the throne; Men like Oliver Cromwell who wished to govern with a Parliament voted in by an electorate based on property, similar to that which was enfranchised before the civil war; Levellers, who were influenced by the writings of "Freeborn John" Lilburne, who wanted parliamentary government based on an electorate of every male head of a household, through to other groups with smaller followings like the Fifth Monarchists, Diggers, Quakers and Ranters. These were not political parties as that term is understood today, but groups clustered around one or more beliefs and some of the believers attached themselves to more than one group. Although the pre-war establishment had been split by the Civil War both factions regarded all radical groups, as agitators for change, which is how they are described within the Historical Collections of John Rushworth that document events of the early period, and by the Journals of the House of Commons which cover the period of the republic itself.
The Fifth Monarchists were a group of believers in the geopolitical theory that four other world rulers had already come and gone according to the prophecies of the Biblical Book of Daniel chapter 2 and verse 44 regarding a prophetic dream by Nebuchadnezzar. The previous empires had been Assyrian; Persian; Grecian and Roman, The last empire would be established by the returning Jesus as king of kings and lord of lords to reign with his saints on earth for a thousand years. The Fifth Monarchists saw themselves as those saints of that soon to be dawning millennium. Some prominent Fifth Monarchists were Thomas Harrison, Christopher Feake, Vavasor Powell, John Carew and John Rogers.
Fifth Monarchists believed that the timing of the events of the Interregnum were significant because the calendar year of 1666 loomed large on the near horizon. The the number 666 had been identified in the Biblical Book of Revelation with the ultimate human despot to rule the world, but who would be replaced by the second coming of Jesus as the Messiah, it only added to the belief that the fifth monarchy was about to begin.
The Engish Commonwealth
A number of Fifth Monarchists took a leading part in the events of the time. Thomas Harrison and John Carew were a Commissioners (Judges) at the trial of Charles I and signed the death warrant.
Nominated Assembly and Protectorate
After the forcible dissolution of the Rump Parliament by Oliver Cromwell, the Grandees of the Army Council of Officers were reluctant to authorise free elections because they were aware that the members returned by the traditional constituency would return Presbyterians and Royalist as well as their own sympathisers. They were not at all sure that the majority would be any more compliant than the Rump. Major-General Thomas Harrison, who had commanded the troop which aided Oliver Cromwell in dissolving the Rump, suggested that there be a ruling body based upon the Old Testament Sanhedrin of 70 selected "Saints", which was based on his beliefs, as a Fifth Monarchist, that the rule of the Saints would usher in the reign of Christ on Earth. A modified version of this proposal was accepted by Cromwell and the Council of Officers and less than a month after the dissolution of the Rump, during May 1653, letters in the name of the Lord-General and the Army Council were sent to Congregational churches in every county in England to nominate those they considered fit to take part in the new government. The total number of nominees was one hundred and forty, one hundred and twenty nine from England, five from Scotland and six from Ireland.
The arrest of Feake and Powell, two of the most violent of their number, was sufficient for a time to dampen their ardour, but many of the delegates to the The Nomitated Assembly of Saints, or as its detractors called the "Barebones Parliament" after one of the members Praise-God Barebones, were from congregations with Fifth Monarchist sympathies. The assembly which met from July until December 1653, was the high water mark of Fifth Monarchist influence on national politics. Fearing their ultra-radical ideas, which crystallised in an attack on tithes, the conservative faction led by Major-General John Lambert, supported by the use of troops to deny access to the radical factions, engineered a vote for the dissolution of the assembly, which was passed on December 12, 1653. The collapse of the radical consensus which had spawned the Nominated Assembly led to the Grandees passing the Instrument of Government in the Council of State which paved the way for Cromwell's Protectorate. The Fifth Monarchist were horrified at the establishment of Cromwell's Protectorate and plotted to overthrow the regime. Two plots were uncovered and broken up in 1657 and 1659.
Restoration
After the Restoration on October 14, 1660 Major-General Thomas Harrison was the first person to be found guilty of the regicide of Charles I. He had been the seventeenth of fifty nine commisioners (judges) to sign the death warrant of the king in 1649. He was the first regicide to be hanged, drawn and quartered because he was considered by the new government to still represent a real threat to the re-established order. This threat was realised when on January 6, 1661, 50 Fifth Monarchists, headed by a wine-cooper named Thomas Venner, made an effort to attain possession of London in the name of "King Jesus." Most of the fifty were either killed or taken prisoner, and on January 19 and 21, Venner and ten others were hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason.
The failure of Venner's Rising led to repressive legislation to suppress non-conformist sects. Although some physical events such as the plague and the Great Fire of London continued to encourage belief in "the end of the world" ruled by carnal human beings; the doctrine of the sect either died out, or became merged in a milder form of Millenarianism.
See also
External links
- Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men (http://www.exlibris.org/nonconform/engdis/fifthmonarchists.html)
- THE TIMES OF STEPHEN MUMFORD (http://www.seventh-day-baptist.org.au/library/books/mumford.htm) See the sections on "John James", "Efforts at Conformity" and "Fifth Monarchy Views".
Reference
- Fifth Monarchy Men: Study in Seventeenth Century English Millenarianism by Bernard Capp ISBN 057109791Xsv:Femte monarkins män