Faroese language
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| Faroese (Føroyskt) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Denmark |
| Region: | Faroe Islands, Denmark |
| Total speakers: | 80,000 |
| Ranking: | Not in top 100 |
| Genetic classification: | Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Faroese |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | Faroe Islands |
| Regulated by: | - |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | fo |
| ISO 639-2 | foe |
| SIL | FAE |
| See also: Language – List of languages | |
Faroese is a West Nordic or West Scandinavian language spoken by about 80,000 people in two main groups, about 48,000 in the Faroe Islands and about 25,000 in Denmark. There are also around 5,000 speakers in Iceland. It is one of three insular Scandinavian languages descended from the Old Norse language spoken in Scandinavia in the Viking Age, the others being Icelandic and the extinct Norn, which is said to have been mutually intelligible with Faroese.
Faroe_islands_isoglosses.png
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History
Old_norse,_ca_900.PNG
In the beginning the language being spoken in the Faroe Islands was Old West Norse, which Norwegian settlers had brought with them during the time of the Landnám, which started in 825 AD. However, many of the settlers weren't really Norwegians, but rather descendents of Norwegian settlers in the Irish Sea. As a result, Faroese, as well as Icelandic began to be influenced by Celtic, not only because of this fact, but also because of the fact that native Norwegian settlers often made a stop in the Irish Sea to take a wife, before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland. As an example of this, consider the fact that Faroese has two words for duck: dunna (from Celtic tunnagh) for the domestic duck, and ont for the wild duck.
Between the 9th and the 15th century a Faroese language slowly evolved, yet it was still intelligeble with the languages within the realm of the Norwegian Viking Empire spanning from Norway to North America.
Until the 15th century, Faroese had a similar orthography to Icelandic and Norwegian, but after the Reformation, the ruling Danes outlawed its use in schools, churches and official documents, which are the main places written languages survive in an essentially illiterate society. The Islanders continued to use the language in ballads, folktales, and everyday life. This maintained a rich spoken tradition, but for 300 years the language was not written down.
As a written language, Modern Faroese has only existed since a standard was published in 1854 by Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb. Although this would have been an opportunity to create a phonetically true orthography, as in Welsh, he produced an orthography consistent with a continuous written tradition since the Old Norse. The letter ð, for example, has no phonemes attached to it. Also, although the letter 'm' corresponds to the bilabial nasal as it does in English, in the Dative ending -inum, it corresponds to the alveolar nasal 'n' due to phonological assimilation.
Hammershaimb's orthography met with some opposition for its complexity, and a rival system was devised by Jakob Jakobsen. Jakobsen's orthography was closer to the spoken language, but was never taken up by the masses.
In 1937, Faroese replaced Danish as the official language of the Faroe Islands.
Alphabet
The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters:
Further literature
- W.B. Lockwood: An Introduction to Modern Faroese, Tórshavn (Faroes) 1977 (no ISBN, 244 pages) (4th printing 2002) (http://www.framtak.com/books)
- Höskuldur Þráinson, Hjalmar P. Petersen, Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen, Zakaris Svabo Hansen: Faroese. An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn 2004 ISBN 99918-41-85-7 (500 pages, most comprehensive book about Faroese) Faroese bookshop www.bokasolan.fo (http://www.bokasolan.fo/leitabok.asp?bokid=3844)
External links
- Faeroese - English Dictionary (http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Faeroese-english/) from Webster's Online Dictionary (http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org) - the Rosetta Edition.
- Ethnologue report on Faroese (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fao)ca:Feroès
cs:Faerština da:Færøsk de:Färöische Sprache es:Idioma feroés eo:Feroa lingvo fo:Føroyskt mál fr:Féringien it:Faroese la:Lingua Faroensis li:Faeröers nl:Faeröers nb:Færøysk språk nn:Færøysk språk pl:Język farerski se:Fearagiella sl:Ferščina fi:Fäärin kieli sv:Färöiska wa:Faeroyès