Exarch
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In the Byzantine Empire, an exarch was a proconsul or viceroy who governed a province at some remove from the central authorities, the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople. In the ecclesiastical organization of the Empire of the East, the exarch of the political division called a "diocese" was in the 4th and 5th centuries the same as a "primate," a dignity that was intermediate between a patriarch and the metropolitan bishops, the term "patriarch" being formally restricted after 451 CE to the chief bishops of a few most important cities.
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Byzantine Empire
The term often refers to the Exarchate of Ravenna, which governed the area of Italy that remained under Byzantine control after the reconquest by Belisarius for Justinian. The Byzantine Exarchs of Africa nominally governed Sardinia and Corsica.
Ravenna had become the capital of the western Roman Empire in 404 under Honorius. It remained the capital of Italy under the Ostrogoths, and after the reconquest became the seat of the provincial governor (539). Ravenna remained the seat of the Exarch until the revolt of 727 over Iconoclasm. Thereafter, the growing menace of the Lombards and the split between eastern and western Christendom that Iconoclasm caused made the position of the Exarch more and more untenable. The last Exarch was killed by the Lombards in 751.
Orthodox Church
In the Orthodox Church, an exarch is still a prelate: an inspector of monasteries, a deputy of the Patriarch or in many cases he rules a foreign Church on behalf of a Patriarchate, e.g. the Serbians, Romanians, Bulgarians, the Jerusalem Patriarchate et. al, all have exarchates in the USA. The style of the exarchs of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem is "Exarch of the Holy Sepulcher". The Roman Catholic analogue of an exarch is a primate.
Bulgarian Exarchate
On 28 February 1870 the twenty-year old struggle between Greeks and Bulgarians for the control of the Orthodox Church in Bulgaria culminated when the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz created an independent Bulgarian ecclesiastical organisation, known as the Bulgarian Exarchate. The Orthodox Church in Bulgaria had now become independent of the Greek-dominated Patriarchate of Constantinople. For more information see Bulgarian Exarchate and Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church.
Fictional uses
In the "Dark Ages" continuation of BattleTech, the title of Exarch is that of the elected chief executive of the Republic of the Sphere.de:Exarch it:Esarca nl:Exarchaat