Epipactis

Epipactis
Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Neottieae Template:Taxobox subtribus entry Genus: Epipactis
Species
See text

Epipactis Zinn, 1757, or Helleborine is a genus of orchid comprised of approximately 63 terrestrial species.

They occur in temperate and subtropical climates of America, Asia, and Europe. These orchids grow in open spaces in forests, in undergrowth, on calcareous soils and are often found in wet dune-slacks near the sea. The only original American species is Giant Helleborine (Epipactis gigantea). One species from Europe, Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine), is invasive in North America. Most species are protected.

These hardy orchids grow in a wet environment. The Marsh helleborine (Epipactis palustris) is the only European orchid able to survive in a flooded habitat. Epipactis gigantea is a species found in the American west, and into southern Canada, in wet areas and even streams. It can grow to a height of 1 m.

They all strongly depend on their symbiosis with their hyphal threads. Some species therefore have reduced leaves and need little chlorophyll. Violet Helleborine (Epipactis viridiflora) can even do without chlorophyll. These forms can be recognized by their purple instead of violet flowers.

Their creeping, fleshy rhizomes grow offshoots, from which then emerge the 20-70 cm long stems during the next spring.

There are four to eight alternate, lanceolate leaves, that grow progressively shorter near the top. The margins are entire, the top is acute. Species with less chlorophyll have blue-purple leaves.

Their bilaterally symmetrical colorful flowers grow from a terminal raceme. The three sepals and the two lateral petals are ovate and acuminate. Their color can vary from greenish-white to violet and purple.

The lip is divided in a bowl-shaped hypochile, with the outer surface greenish-white and threaded with dark veins. The wavy, snowwhite epichile is fan-shaped.

The ovary is inferior. It produces a dry capsule with countless minute seeds.

Species

• Epipactis africana (Ethiopia to Malawi).
• Epipactis albensis (C. Europe).
  • Epipactis albensis var. albensis (EC. Europe).. Rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis albensis var. fibri (France). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
• Epipactis aspromontana (Italy).
• Epipactis atromarginata (Vietnam).
• Epipactis atrorubens : Dark Red Helleborine, Royal Helleborine (Europe to Caucasus).
  • Epipactis atrorubens var. atrorubens
  • Epipactis atrorubens var. atrata (Austria).
• Epipactis bithynica (Turkey).
• Epipactis bugacensis (Hungary).
• Epipactis campeadorii (Spain).
• Epipactis cardina (Spain).
• Epipactis condensata (Turkey to Lebanon, Cyprus, W. Transcaucasus).
• Epipactis cretica (Crete).
• Epipactis danubialis (Romania).
• Epipactis degenii (Greece).
• Epipactis dunensis (Great Britain (N. England to N. Wales).
• Epipactis flaminia (EC. Europe).
• Epipactis flava (Laos, Thailand).
• Epipactis futakii (EC. Europe).

• Epipactis gigantea : Stream Orchid, Chatterbox, Giant Helleborine (W. Canada to N. Mexico).
• Epipactis greuteri (Greece).
• Epipactis guegelii (Romania).
• Epipactis halacsyi (Greece).
• Epipactis helleborine ; Broad-leaved Helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China).
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China). Rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. latina (Italy to NW. Balkan Pen). Rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (W. Europe). Rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis (C. Europe). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. transcaucasica (Caucasus). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (W. Medit.) Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
• Epipactis kleinii (S. France to E. Spain)
• Epipactis komoricensis (EC. Europe).
• Epipactis leptochila : Narrow-lipped Helleborine (Europe).
  • Epipactis leptochila subsp. leptochila (Europe). Rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis leptochila subsp. neglecta (WC. Europe). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
• Epipactis leutei (Austria).
• Epipactis liestalensis (C. Europe).
• Epipactis lusitanica (S. Portugal).
• Epipactis magnibracteata (NC. China).
• Epipactis mairei (Nepal to C. China)
• Epipactis mecsekensis (Hungary).
• Epipactis meridionalis (Sicilia to S. Italy).
• Epipactis microphylla (Europe to Iran).
• Epipactis muelleri (W. & C. Europe).
  • Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae (Sicilia).. Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis muelleri subsp. muelleri (W. & C. Europe) Rhizome geophyte
• Epipactis nauosaensis (Greece).
• Epipactis ohwii (C. Taiwan).
• Epipactis olympica (Greece).
• Epipactis palustris : Marsh Helleborine, Marsh Orchid (Europe to Caucasus and Mongolia)
• Epipactis papillosa (Russian Far East to Korea, Japan)
• Epipactis persica (SE. Europe to W. Pakistan)
• Epipactis phyllanthes : Green-flowered Helleborine (W. & NW. Europe).
  • Epipactis phyllanthes var. olarionensis (France). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis phyllanthes var. phyllanthes (W. & NW. Europe) Rhizome geophyte
• Epipactis placentina (Switzerland to Italy).
• Epipactis pollinensis (Italy)
• Epipactis pontica (EC. Europe to N. Turkey).
• Epipactis provincialis (France) .
• Epipactis pseudopurpurata (Slovakia).
• Epipactis rechingeri (N. Iran.
• Epipactis rhodanensis (France to Austria).
• Epipactis royleana (E. Afghanistan to Himalaya).
• Epipactis schubertiorum (Italy).
• Epipactis spiridonovii (Bulgaria)
• Epipactis stellifera (Switzerland).
• Epipactis subclausa (Greece).
• Epipactis tallosii (Slovakia, Hungary).
• Epipactis tenii (China).
• Epipactis thessala (N. & C. Greece).
• Epipactis thunbergii (S. Russian Far East to Korea, Japan to Nansei-shoto).
• Epipactis troodi (Cyprus, Turkey ).
• Epipactis turcica (E. Aegean Is. to Turkey).
• Epipactis turcomanica (C. Asia).
• Epipactis ulugurica (Tanzania) .
• Epipactis veratrifolia : Scarce Marsh Helleborine (Caucasus to Somalia and SC. China).
• Epipactis viridiflora : Clustered Helleborine, Violet Helleborine (Europe).
• Epipactis xanthophaea (China).
• Epipactis youngiana : Young's Helleborine (Great Britain).

Hybrids

• Epipactis × amigoi (E. helleborine × E. kleinii) (Europe).
• Epipactis × barlae (E. helleborine × E. microphylla) (C. Europe).
• Epipactis × barreana (E. latina × E. muelleri) (Italy).
• Epipactis × breinerorum (E. helleborine subsp. helleborine × E. greuteri) (EC. Europe).
• Epipactis × bruxellensis (E. helleborine × E. phyllanthes) (W. Europe).
• Epipactis × capellonensis (E. atrorubens × E. latina) (Italy).
• Epipactis × cardonneae (E. atrorubens × E. kleinii) (W. Europe).
• Epipactis × conquensis (E. cardina × E. kleinii) (Spain).
• Epipactis × gerbaudiorum (E. provincialis × E. tremolsii) (France)
• Epipactis × gevaudanii (E. helleborine × E. rhodanensis) (France).
• Epipactis × graberi (E. atrorubens × E. microphylla) (Europe).
• Epipactis × heterogama (E. atrorubens × E. muelleri) (Europe).
• Epipactis × populetorum ( E. helleborine × E. hispanica) (Spain).
• Epipactis × pupplingensis ( E. atrorubens × E. palustris) (Europe).
• Epipactis × reinekei (E. helleborine × E. muelleri) (Europe).
• Epipactis × schmalhausenii (E. atrorubens × E. helleborine) (Europe).
  • Epipactis × schmalhausenii nothosubsp. fleischmannii (E. atrorubens × E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis) (Europe). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
  • Epipactis × schmalhausenii nothosubsp. schmalhausenii (Europe). Rhizome geophyte
• Epipactis × schulzei (Europe).
• Epipactis × soguksuensis(E. helleborine × E. turcica) (Turkey).
• Epipactis × stephensonii (E. helleborine × E. leptochila) (Europe).
• Epipactis × trikalana (E. helleborine × E. thessala) (Greece).
• Epipactis × vermionensis (E. gracilis × E. helleborine) (Greece).

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