Cluster of differentiation
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Cluster of Differentiation (CD) molecules are markers on the cell surface, as recognized by specific sets of antibodies, used to identify the cell type, stage of differentiation and activity state of a cell.
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Nomenclature
The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA), which was held in Paris, France in 1982. This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies, generated by different laboratories around the world, against various surface molecules (antigens) on leukocytes (white blood cells). Since then, the use has expanded to other cell types, and more than 150 CD clusters and subclusters have been identified.
Uses
CD molecules are often referred to when sorting cells by flow cytometry. A '+' or a '–' symbol is used to indicate if a certain fraction of cells possesses or lacks a CD molecule, e.g. "CD34+, CD31–" = expressing CD34, but not CD31.
The most commonly referred to CD molecules are CD4 and CD8, which are markers for two different sub-types of T-lymphocytes. The relative abundance of CD4+ and CD8+ cells reflects the state of one's immune system, and the CD4/CD8 ratio is often used to monitor the progression of an HIV infection.
Examples
CD molecules are not merely markers on the cell surface. Not every CD molecule has been thoroughly characterised, but most of them bring important features to the cells that carry them. For example,
- CD1 = an MHC-like molecule that presents lipid molecules
- CD3 = the signaling component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex
- CD4 = a co-receptor for the TCR that is found on T-helper cells; also a receptor used by HIV to enter T cells
- CD8 = a co-receptor for the TCR that is found on cytotoxic T cells
- CD31 = PECAM-1, a cell adhesion molecule on platelets and endothelial cells
- CD35 = Complement receptor 1 (C3b/C4b receptor)
- CD36 = Platelet glycoprotein IV or IIIb (GP IV / GP IIIb)
- CD56 = a marker for natural killer cells and some T-lymphocytes
- CD71 = Transferrin receptor, mediates cellular uptake of iron
- CD117 = c-kit, the receptor for Stem Cell Factor, a glycoprotein that regulates cellular differentiation, particularly in hematopoiesis
- CD120 = a receptor for Tumour Necrosis Factor, an inflammatory cytokine
- CD142 = Tissue factor, a major initiator of blood-clotting
- CD143 = Angiotensin-converting enzyme
- CD144 = VE-Cadherin, a calcium-dependent adhesion molecule at intercellular junctions, found only in the vascular endothelium
- CD202a = Tie2, the receptor for angiopoietins, a family of angiogenic factors
External links
- HLDA Antibody Database (http://www.mh-hannover.de/aktuelles/projekte/hlda7/hldabase/select.htm)
- A list of CD molecules (http://www.ebioscience.com/ebioscience/whatsnew/humancdchart.htm), at ebioscience.com
- Another list of CD molecules (http://ca.expasy.org/cgi-bin/lists?cdlist.txt), at Expasy.org
- Yet another list of CD molecules (http://pathologyoutlines.com/cdmarkers.html), at PathologyOutlines.comde:Cluster of differentiation