Cinema of Quebec
|
|
The history of cinema in Québec started on June 27, 1896 when the French Louis Minier inaugurated the first movie projection in North America in a Montreal theatre room. However, it would have to wait until the 1960s before a genuine Quebec cinema industry would emerge.
| Contents |
Before the Office national du film
From the 1896 to the 1960s, the Catholic clergy tried to control what movies Quebecers could see. Two methods were employed: censorship and restriction of attendance by children under 16. In 1913, the Bureau de censure de vues animées (Office of censorship for motion pictures) began regulating the projection of movies in Quebec. In 1927, the Laurier-Palace theatre burned down, killing many children. The church then almost succeeded at closing down all projection rooms in the province. However the Parliament of Quebec passed a law preventing children under 16 from attending movie projections.
Nevertheless, some films were produced in Quebec during this period. Those were mostly documentaries, some of which were made by priests. In the 1940s and 1950s, the first commercial attemps at cinema happened. Two production houses were at the origins of all the movies of this period: Renaissance Films and Québec Productions. Le gros Bill and Un homme et son péché were both released in 1949. A popular movie from that era is 1952's La petite Aurore l’enfant martyr by Jean-Yves Bigras, a drama movie based on a the story of abused child Aurore Gagnon.
After the Office national du film
The National Film Board of Canada is established by the Parliament of Canada in 1939. Its office moved from Ottawa to Montreal in 1955. In 1957, the new commissioner, Trueman, recommended the creation of a separately funded French production wing. Minister J.W. Pickersgill rejected Trueman's recommendation as Ottawa feared that two separate organizations would develop under the same roof. This decision intensified the campaign of the Quebec French language press for an autonomous French language branch. Guy Roberge was appointed Commissioner in April 1957. The French branch of the National Film Board of Canada was established and the NFB became autonomous in 1959.
Cinema-Vérité ("truth cinema") authors Michel Brault and Pierre Perrault made their debut. For most of the 1960s, Quebec films were about the country. Other important filmmakers of the 60s include Gilles Groulx and Claude Jutra. That decade also saw the beginnings of directors Gilles Carle and Denys Arcand.
The 1970s
As it is with many other historical periods, Quebec's cinema of the 70's began some years before. The stage is set by two phenomenon. First, in 1967, Quebec's (religious) censorship bureau was replaced by a film ratings system administered by the province, film distribution was now free of catholic rigidity. The other phenomenon was the introduction, in 1968, by the federal government, of its Canadian Film Development Corporation (CFDC, to be become Telefilm Canada). Heavely subsidised "private" filmaking will now reach the screen.
This will happen throught sexy cinema. [1] (http://home.ica.net/~paulc/canux/article/cochons.html) Commercial directors such as Denis Héroux are now making hugely profitable movies, a first in Quebec since La Petite Aurore..., done with such fare as Valérie and Deux femmes en or, two erotic movies.
The seventies also marked a high in national filmmaking seen from an artistic perspective, an assessment supported by opinion polls such as the TIFF List of Canada's Top Ten Films of All Time, which has included several films from that decade every year that the poll was taken. Arcand and Carle had critical (especially at Cannes) and some commercial success with films such as Gina (Arcand) and La vraie nature de Bernadette (Carle). In 1975, director Claude Jutra released one of the most critically praised Quebec film to date, Mon oncle Antoine. However, his next movie, an adaptation of Anne Hébert's Kamouraska, was a commercial and critical failure. It should be mentionned that this film suffured re-editing done to accomodate theater owners. The longer, 2 hours restored version, seen in 2003, shows more artistic coherence.
The 1980s
The victory of the "no" camp in the referendum on Sovereignty-Association was a turning point in Quebec history and culture. Denys Arcand [2] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Arcand) made one of his most acclaimed picture with the NFB, Le confort et l'indifférence, about the result of the referendum. He then procedeed to direct two movies that were nominated for best foreign picture at the Academy awards: 1986's Le Déclin de l'empire américain and 1989's Jésus de Montréal.
After 1980, a lot of artists felt that the struggle to build a nation that had animated early Quebec cinema was lost. Quebec filmmakers began to make movies that were no longer centered on the Quebec identity. The 1986 success, at home and abroad, of Le déclin... marked another turning point in the movie history of the province. The government-funded movie industry tried to repeat Arcand's success with international co-productions, big budget movies and so-called "mass audience movies".
Meanwhile, videast Robert Morin made himself known with personal movies like Requiem pour un beau sans-coeur. Claude Jutra committed suicide in the 1980s after a struggle with Alzeihmer's disease, and Gilles Carle became too sick to direct.
The 1990s and beyond
1990-2002 saw the solidification of Quebec's movie industry. Independent films such as Denis Villeneuve's Maelström, Denis Chouinard's L’Ange de goudron, and Un crabe dans la tête caught the media's attention. 2003 was called "the year of Quebec cinema's rebirth" with Arcand winning the foreign film Oscar for Les Invasions barbares, the sequel of Le déclin de l'empire américain and with Gaz bar blues and La Grande séduction gaining critical and public acclaim.
Bibliography
Books
- Janis L. Pallister, The cinema of Québec : masters in their own house, Madison [N.J.] : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 1995
- Gendering the nation : Canadian women's cinema, edited by Kay Armatage, Toronto : University of Toronto Press 1999
Journals
See also
- Culture of Quebec
- List of Quebec film directors
- List of Quebec movies
- Wiki In French [3] ()
External links
- History of the NFB (http://www.nfb.ca/e/history/)
- Le cinéma québécois (http://www.histoirequebec.qc.ca/publicat/vol5num3/v5n3_2ci.htm) (in French)
- Le cinéma au Québec (http://www.cam.org/~lavalac/histoire/g3.html) (in French)
- Régie du cinéma du Québec (http://www.rcq.gouv.qc.ca/RCQ241Decisions.asp?NoTypeNouv=4&NoTheme=&NoNouv=138) (in French)fr:Cinéma québécois