Catholic Mariavite Church
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The Catholic Mariavite Church is a Polish religious organization begun in 1935 by Archbishop Jan Maria Michal Kowalski.
Kowalski had been the leader of the Old Catholic Mariavite Church, since the death of its foundress, Felicja Kozłowska (Sister Maria Franciszka), in 1921. He had been her confidante and the leader of the 1903 - 1906 attempt to reconcile the Mariavite movement to the Vatican and for it to be recognized, or at least tolerated, as an official part of the Roman Catholic Church. When this attempt was rejected by Pope Pius X, Kowalski set about codifying the movement's own doctrines and beliefs in concert with Sister Maria Franciszka, and upon her death became her successor.
However, under his leadership the Mariavites began to dwindle somewhat in numbers. This was no doubt in part due to the pressures of Polish nationalism, which was very much caught up in the idea of Roman Catholicism as being an intrensic part of the Polish national identity and was enjoying a resurgence as Poland had just reemerged as an independent nation-state after over two centuries of distribution among the "great powers" of Prussia, Austria and Russia. Another factor in the decline of the group was persecution of the Mariavites by Catholics with the scarcely-veiled support of the new Polish government. But much of the decline could be traced to factors involving Kowalski himself — his generally autocratic rule of the church as Felicja's sucessor, and innovations that he had introduced which drove him further from the Roman Catholic tradition, such as the endorsement of clerical marriages between priests and nuns, and later the ordination of women as priests, which took him out of fellowship with the Old Catholic movement as well.
By 1935, most of the Mariavite clergy had decided that Kowalski was destroying the movement and any good that it could do, and voted to remove him. Undaunted, he rejected this and moved his headquarters to the village of Felicjanów, named for the foundress. He named his group the Catholic Mariavite Church, despite its by-now considerable departure from traditional Catholicism, and considered himself to continue to be the true leader of all true Mariavites. Freed from the restraining influences of much of the clergy which had formerly been subordinate to him, he declared even more radical pronouncements, the most radical of which was that Felicja had in fact been the incarnation of the Holy Spirit upon the earth.
Kowalski died in a World War II concentration camp and was succeeded as the church's leader by his wife. This body continues to this day under her successor and is still based in Felicjanów. It apparently has no adherents outside of Poland proper, unlike the larger Mariavite body. Never large to begin with (perhaps 3,000 members at its founding), its numbers apparently continue to dwindle and may now actually be in the hundreds. It is now a true church movement, and finds ecumenism to be both unneccessary and sinful, since all true believers are to be found within its ranks. This insularity, of course, contributes to a general inability for the group to be penetrated by outsiders to learn details such as its actual current size.