Buwayhid
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The Buwayhids or Buyyids or Āl-i Buyeh, were a Shi'ite tribal confederation from Daylam, a region on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.
In pre-Islamic times they had served as mercenaries for the Sasanian kings of Iran, but were independent from their rule. They were considered a formidable military force, especially because of their ability as foot soldiers. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons. During the time of Harun al-Rashid, the Alid people sought refuge among them.
The start of the Buwayhid confederation was led by Ali b. Buya and his two younger brothers, al-Hasan and Ahmad. After having secured a partnership with an important Persian landowner named Zayd b. Ali al-Nawbandajani, Ali was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yaqut_(General) in 934. After that they established power within the crumbling Abbasid empire in the form of a confederation rather than a new empire. They were known for the revival of Persian culture. Buwayhid leaders were known as Shâhanshâh (شاهنشاه), literally king of kings.
During the 900s, Buwayhid dynasties took power in Fars (southwestern Iran, 934-1062); Rayy (977-1029); Jibal (932-1028); Kerman (936-1048). From 945-1055, a Buwayhid dynasty ruled Baghdad and most of Iraq.
During the mid 1000s the Buwayhid dynasties all fell to the Seljuks or their allies.
Their Amirs and Sultans are listed below:
Diylamids of Fars
- Emad o-dowleh Abol Hasan 932-939
- Azad o-dowleh 939-982
- Sharaf o-dowleh 982-989
- Samsam o-dowleh 989-998
- Baha o-dowleh 998-1012
- Soltan o-dowleh 1012-1024
- Emad o-dowleh Abu Kalijar 1024-1048
- Malek Rahim Abu Nasr Khosrow Firuz 1048-1055
Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman
- Mo'ez o-dowleh 932-966
- Azad o-dowleh Bakhtiar 966-977
- Azado o-dowleh Abu Shoja' 977-982
- Baha o-dowleh 989-1012
- Soltan o-dowleh 1012-1021
- Abu Kalijar Marzban 1043-1048
- Ghavam o-dowleh 1012-1028
- Abu Mansur Fulad sotoon 1048-1056
Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan
- Rokn o-dowleh 932-976
- Mo'ayyed o-dowleh 976-983
- Fakhr o-dowleh 976-997
- Majd o-dowleh 997-1029
- Shams o-dowleh 997-1021
- Sama o-dowleh 1021-1023