British degree abbreviations
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Abbreviations are normally used to specify a degree, rather than spelling out the name in full. Many degrees have more than one abbreviations. This list is a 'work in progress' - please add to it.
Note that usage in some Scottish universities, particularly the ancient universities, differs from that in England and Wales in that MAs are given out in place of BAs as first degrees, where the course of study is four years rather than the three years typical in England.
The usage in the two ancient English universities of Oxford and Cambridge also differs slightly from that in other UK universities - the MA degree is not a substantive qualification, but reflects the ancient practice of these universities of raising BAs to MAs (and thus full membership of the University) a few years after graduating. Conversely, some bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties (i.e. those other than arts) at those universities are postgraduate qualifications (e.g. the BCL and BMus at Oxford). Many have been changed to the corresponding masters degree (e.g. BSc is now MSc), but only within the last generation. The BD remains a higher degree at a some older universities (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge and Durham) but is an undergraduate degree at most (e.g. London, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Glasgow). Oxford and Cambridge grant BAs after three years to students on undergraduate courses lasting longer than this (the undergraduate masters degrees and the MB, BCh in medicine).
Undergraduate degrees may be awarded "with Honours" or may be "Ordinary" or "Pass" degrees. The meaning of non-Honours degrees changed in the course of the twentieth century, and varies somewhat between England and Wales on the one hand and Scotland and Northern Ireland on the other, and also between institutions. But in most places to be awarded an Ordinary or Pass degree is nowadays a euphemism for failure. However, in the Open University and some of the newer universities with a strong commitment to broadening access to higher education, the Pass degree remains a valuable qualification though of a lower standard (or indicating a shorter period of study) than an Honours degree. Honours degrees are usually awarded with first, upper-second, lower-second or third class honours.
Usage of titles of masters degrees (in particular the undergraduate masters degrees) is in continuing flux, not least because of discussions of harmonisation of qualifications within the European Union as part of the Bologna process.
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Bachelor's degrees
These are normally awarded as honours degrees, sometimes indicated by '(Hons)' after the degree abbreviation without a space, for example 'BA(Hons)'.
Some of the following are postgraduate degrees in a few universities, but generally bachelors are undergraduate degrees.
See also Bachelor's degree.
- BA - Bachelor of Arts
- BASc/BAS - Bachelor of Applied Science
- BSc - Bachelor of Science
- BFA - Bachelor of Fine Art
- BTech - Bachelor of Technology (not to be confused with BTEC)
- BTh or BTheol - Bachelor of Theology
- BD - Bachelor of Divinity
- BMin - Bachelor of Ministry
- BCL - Bachelor of Civil Law
- LLB - Bachelor of Laws
- BLitt or LittB- Bachelor of Literature or Bachelor of Letters
- BChir, BCh, ChB or BS - Bachelor of Surgery
- BDS or BChD - Bachelor of Dental Surgery
- MB or BM - Bachelor of Medicine
- BNurs or BN - Bachelor of Nursing
- BMid - Bachelor of Midwifery
- BEd or EdB - Bachelor of Education
- BEng or BE - Bachelor of Engineering
- BPhil - Bachelor of Philosophy
- BMus or MusB - Bachelor of Music
- BMedSc or BMSc - Bachelor of Biomedical science
Master's degrees
See also Master's degree.
Undergraduate
These, like most bachelors degrees, are honours degrees, indicated by putting '(Hons)' after the degree abbreviation. The majority of undergraduate master's degrees are within science and engineering subjects. The undergraduate MAs of some Scottish universities are also honours degrees and may also add '(Hons)'. MEng used to be offered by some universities as a postgraduate degree, but is now an undergraduate degree.
- MEng - Master of Engineering
- MNatSc - Master of Natural Science
- MSci - Master in Science (Master of Natural Science at Cambridge)
- MMath - Master of Mathematics
- MStat - Master of Statistics
- MPhys - Master of Physics
- MGeog - Master of Geography
- MGeol - Master of Geology
- MGeophys - Master of Geophysics
- MESci - Master of Earth Science
- MOcean - Master of Oceanography
- MEnvSci - Master of Environmental Science
- MChem - Master of Chemistry
- MBiochem - Master of Biochemistry
- MBiol - Master of Biology
- MPharm - Master of Pharmacy
- MDiv - Master of Divinity
- MEcon - Master of Economics
Postgraduate
Postgraduate degrees are not honours degrees, and do not add '(Hons)' to indicate this. MA(Hons) is only used for the undergraduate degree of the ancient Scottish universities: as there are no examinations for the MAs in Oxford and Cambridge there are consequently no honours to be awarded. The Oxbridge MA may be differentiated by putting the name of the institution after the degree, thus 'MA (Oxon)' or 'MA (Cantab)'. The MPhil is normally reserved for longer (often two year) research-based masters degrees. The MUniv is only ever an honorary degree.
- MA - Master of Arts
- MSc - Master of Science
- LLM - Master of Laws
- MJur - Master of Jurisprudence (Law) (Magister Juris at Oxford)
- MRes - Master of Research
- MEd - Master of Education
- MLib - Master of Librarianship
- MSt - Master of Studies
- MMus or MusM- Master of Music
- MBA - Master of Business Administration
- MClinDent - Master of Clinical Dentistry
- MeB - Master of Electronic Business (eBusiness)
- MTh or MTheol- Master of Theology
- MLitt - Master of Letters
- MFA - Master of Fine Art
- MPH - Master of Public Health
- MUniv - Master of the University
- MPhil - Master of Philosophy
Doctor's degrees
Due to the flexibility of Latin word order, there are two schools in the abbreviation of doctor's degrees. At Cambridge, D follows the faculty (e.g. PhD, LittD.), while at Oxford the abbreviation D precedes the faculty (e.g. DPhil, DLitt). Most universities in the UK followed Oxford for the higher doctorates but followed international precedent in using PhD for Doctor of Philosophy. The degree of Doctor of Medicine is normally considered a higher doctorate, although in some universities it is a professional doctorate (similar to the DEd). Doctor of Philosophy is normally reserved for doctorates awarded on the basis of original research, other junior doctorates have substantial taught elements. Higher doctorates are normally awarded as honorary degrees (honoris causa), but can also be awarded on the basis of published work. Doctor of Medicine (MD or DM) is sometimes a higher doctorate (e.g. in the UK and some of the Commonwealth)) and sometimes a professional doctorate (e.g. in the US and others). DUniv is only ever an honorary degree. The sorting between junior doctorates and higher doctorates below is dependent on the granting institution. Several institutions consider some of the junior doctorates listed below as higher doctorates.
See also Doctorate.
Junior Doctors
- EdD - Doctor of Education
- DBA - Doctor of Business Administration
- DClinPsych - Doctor of Clinical Psychology
- EdPsychD - Doctor of Educational Psychology
- DNursSci - Doctor of Nursing Science
- HScD - Doctor of Health Science
- EngD - Doctor of Engineering
- SocSciD - Doctor of Social Science
- DMin - Doctor of Ministry
- ThD - Doctor of Theology
- PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (most universities)
- DPhil - Doctor of Philosophy (Oxford University and a few others)
Higher Doctors
- DSc or ScD - Doctor of Science
- DLit - Doctor of Literature
- DLitt or LittD - Doctor of Letters
- DMus or MusD - Doctor of Music
- DCL - Doctor of Civil Law
- LLD - Doctor of Laws
- DD - Doctor of Divinity
- MD or DM - Doctor of Medicine
- DDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery
- DUniv - Doctor of the University