Bristol Beaufighter
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| Bristol Beaufighter | ||
|---|---|---|
 Bristol Beaufighter | ||
| Description | ||
| Role | Heavy fighter or light bomber | |
| Crew | 2 | |
| First flight | July 17 1939 | |
| Entered service | 1940 | |
| Manufacturer | Bristol Aeroplane Company | |
| Dimensions | ||
| Length | 41 ft 8 in | 12.7 m |
| Wingspan | 57 ft 10 in | 17.7 m |
| Height | 15 ft 10 in | 4.8 m |
| Wing area | ft² | m² |
| Weights | ||
| Empty | lb | kg |
| Loaded | lb | kg |
| Maximum takeoff | 21,600 lb | 9,800 kg |
| Capacity | ||
| Powerplant | ||
| Engines | 2 Bristol Hercules XVIII radials | |
| Power | 1,770 hp | 1.3 MW |
| Thrust | lb | kN |
| Performance | ||
| Maximum speed (at 15,600ft) | 333 mph | 540 km/h |
| Combat range | 1,480 miles | 2,380 km |
| Ferry range | miles | km |
| Service ceiling | 26,500 ft | 8,000 m |
| Rate of climb | ft/min | m/min |
| Armament | ||
| Guns | 4 x 20 mm Hispano cannon in nose 3 x 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in each wing | |
| Bombs | ||
The Beaufighter was a long-range heavy fighter modification of the Bristol Aeroplane Company's earlier Beaufort torpedo bomber design. Unlike the Beaufort, the Beaufighter had a long career and served in almost all theatres of war, first as a night fighter, then as a strike fighter, and eventually replaced the Beaufort as a torpedo bomber.
Built as a company-funded project to fill F.11/37, the prototype Beaufighter first flew on July 17, 1939. This was little more than eight months after the design had started, and hints to its widespread use of the Beaufort's design and parts. A production contract for 300 machines had already been placed two weeks before the prototype flew, as F.17/39.
In general the differences between the Beaufort and Beaufighter were minor. The wings, control surfaces, retractable landing gear and aft section of the fuselage, were identical to those of the Beaufort, while the wing center section was similar apart from certain fittings. The bomb-bay was faired over and used to mount a forward-firing armament of four 20 mm cannons, and the areas for the rear gunner and bomb-aimer were removed, leaving only the pilot in a smoother fighter-type cockpit, and the navigator far to the rear in a small bubble where the dorsal turret used to be.
The earlier Taurus engines were replaced by the much-improved Hercules, whose extra power presented problems with vibration. In the end they were mounted on longer, more flexible struts, which stuck out from the front of the wings. This had the side effect of moving the center of gravity forward, generally a bad thing for an aircraft design. It was then moved back into place by cutting back the nose area, which was no longer needed for the bomb-aimer in the fighter role. This put most of the fuselage behind the wing and moved the CoG back to where it should be, leading to the Beaufighter's famous stubby appearance.
By fighter standards the plane was rather heavy, and rather slow. It had an all-up weight of 16,000 lb (7 t) and a maximum speed of only 335 mph (540 km/h) at 16,800 ft (5,000 m). Nevertheless this was all they had at the time, as the otherwise excellent Westland Whirlwind had already been cancelled due to production problems with its engines.
The Beaufighter's main claim to fame would be that it was coming off the production lines at almost exactly the same time as the first British airborne radar sets were. With the weapons mounted in the bomb-bay, the nose area was left clear for mounting the radar antennas, and the planes were adapted as night fighters as quickly as possible. Even loaded down to an even heavier 20,000 lb (9 t), their slow performance was more than enough to catch the even slower German bombers. By early 1941 they had put an end to Luftwaffe bad-weather and night raids.
Improved versions of the Hercules continued to improve the load capacity of the fighter, although performance didn't tend to increase. As the faster De Havilland Mosquito took over in the night fighter role, the heavier Beaufighters found use in anti-shipping and ground attack roles.
However well the Beaufighter performed, the Stirling bomber program had a higher priority for the excellent Hercules engine by late 1941, and the Rolls Royce Merlin XX powered Mk.II was the result. There were no Mk.III's or IV's, and only two Mk.V's. The Hercules returned with the next major version in 1942, the Mk.VI, which was eventually built to over 1,000 examples. The last major version (2,231 built) was the Mk.X, probably the finest torpedo and strike aircraft of its day. By the time the line shut down in September 1945, 5,562 Beaufighters had been produced, the majority of them the later models.
Beaufighters were operated by a variety of other air forces of the British Commonwealth, including the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal South African Air Force.
Following the production of the Beaufort in Australia, and the highly successful use of the Beaufighter by the RAAF, a total of 365 Mk.21 Beaufighters were built by the Australian Department of Aircraft Production (DAP), from 1944 onwards. This version is generally known as the DAP Beaufighter.
Following the war, the Beaufighter was used by the Portuguese Air Force, the Air force of the Domincan republic and briefly by the Israeli Air Force.
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Units using the Beaufighter
Royal Air Force
- No. 5 Squadron
- No. 17 Squadron
- No. 20 Squadron
- No. 22 Squadron
- No. 25 Squadron
- No. 27 Squadron
- No. 29 Squadron
- No. 34 Squadron
- No. 39 Squadron
- No. 42 Squadron
- No. 45 Squadron
- No. 46 Squadron
- No. 47 Squadron
- No. 48 Squadron
- No. 68 Squadron
- No. 69 Squadron
- No. 84 Squadron
- No. 89 Squadron
- No. 96 Squadron
- No. 108 Squadron
- No. 125 Squadron
- No. 141 Squadron
- No. 143 Squadron
- No. 144 Squadron
- No. 153 Squadron
- No. 173 Squadron
- No. 176 Squadron
- No. 177 Squadron
- No. 211 Squadron
- No. 217 Squadron
- No. 219 Squadron
- No. 235 Squadron
- No. 236 Squadron
- No. 239 Squadron
- No. 248 Squadron
- No. 252 Squadron
- No. 254 Squadron
- No. 255 Squadron
- No. 256 Squadron
- No. 272 Squadron
- No. 285 Squadron
- No. 287 Squadron
- No. 288 Squadron
- No. 307 (Polish) Squadron
- No. 515 Squadron
- No. 577 Squadron
- No. 598 Squadron
- No. 600 Squadron
- No. 603 Squadron
- No. 604 Squadron
- No. 618 Squadron
- No. 684 Squadron
- No. 695 Squadron
Fleet Air Arm
- No. Squadron 721 FAA
- No. Squadron 726 FAA
- No. Squadron 728 FAA
- No. Squadron 733 FAA
- No. Squadron 736 FAA
- No. Squadron 762 FAA
- No. Squadron 770 FAA
- No. Squadron 772 FAA
- No. Squadron 775 FAA
- No. Squadron 779 FAA
- No. Squadron 781 FAA
- No. Squadron 788 FAA
- No. Squadron 789 FAA
- No. Squadron 797 FAA
- No. Squadron 798 FAA
Royal Australian Air Force
- No. 455 Squadron RAAF (maritime strike)
- No. 456 Squadron RAAF (night fighter)
- No. 22 Squadron RAAF
- No. 30 Squadron RAAF
- No. 31 Squadron RAAF
- No. 92 Squadron RAAF
- No. 93 Squadron RAAF
Royal Canadian Air Force
- No. 404 Squadron
- No. 406 Squadron
- No. 407 Squadron
- No. 410 Squadron
Royal New Zealand Air Force
South African Air Force
- No. 16 Squadron
- No. 19 Squadron (a.k.a. RAF No. 227 Squadron)
Portuguese Air Force
Israeli Air Force
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