Biologically-inspired computing
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Biologically-inspired computing (also bio-inspired computing) is a field of study that loosely knits together subfields related to the topics of connectionism, social behaviour and emergence. It is often closely related to the field of artificial intelligence, as many of its pursuits can be linked to machine learning. It relies heavily on the fields of biology, computer science and mathematics. Briefly put, it is the use of computers to model nature, and simultaneously the study of nature to improve the usage of computers.
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Areas of research
Some areas of study encompassed under the canon of biologically-inspired computing, and their biological counterparts:
- genetic algorithms ↔ evolution
- cellular automata ↔ life
- emergent systems ↔ ants, termites, bees, etc
- neural networks ↔ the brain
- artificial life ↔ life
- artificial immune systems ↔ immune system
- rendering (computer graphics) ↔ patterning and rendering of animal skins, bird feathers, mollusk shells and bacterial colonies
- lindenmayer systems ↔ plant structures
- membrane computers ↔ intra-membrane molecular processes in the living cell
- excitable media ↔ forest fires, the Mexican wave, heart conditions, etc
Bio-inspired computing and AI
One way in which bio-inspired computing differs from artificial intelligence (AI) is in how it takes a more evolutionary approach to learning, as opposed to the what could be described as 'creationist' methods used in traditional AI. In traditional AI, intelligence is often programmed from above: the programmer is the creator, and makes something and imbues it with its intelligence. Bio-inspired computing, on the other hand, takes a more bottom-up, decentralised approach; bio-inspired techniques often involve the method of specifying a set of simple rules, a set of simple organisms which adhere to those rules, and a method of iteratively applying those rules. After several generations of rule application it is usually the case that some forms of complex behaviour arise. Complexity gets built upon complexity until the end result is something markedly complex, and quite often completely counterintuitive from what the original rules would be expected to produce (see complex systems).
Natural evolution is a good analogy to this method–the rules of evolution (selection, recombination/reproduction, mutation and more recently transposition) are in principle simple rules, yet over thousands of years have produced remarkably complex organisms. A similar technique is used in genetic algorithms.
Related articles
- Artificial life
- Artificial neural network
- Biomimetics
- Bioinformatics
- Connectionism
- Fuzzy logic
- Gerald Edelman
- Janine Benyus
- Mathematical biology
- Mathematical model
- Olaf Sporns
Recommended reading
(the following are presented in ascending order of complexity and depth, with those new to the field suggested to start from the top)
- Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Software, Steven Johnson.
- Dr. Dobb's Journal, Apr-1991. (Issue theme: Biocomputing)
- Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams, Mitchel Resnick.
- Understanding Nonlinear Dynamics, Daniel Kaplan and Leon Glass.
- "The Computational Beauty of Nature (http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/FLAOH/cbnhtml/home.html)", Gary William Flake (http://flakenstein.net/). MIT Press. 1998, hardcover ed.; 2000, paperback ed. An in-depth discussion of many of the topics and underlying themes of bio-inspired computing.
See also
External links
- ALife Project in Sussex (http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/ezequiel/alife-page/development.html)