Asch conformity experiments
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The Asch conformity experiments were a series of studies that starkly demonstrated the power of conformity in groups.
Asch_experiment.png
Experimenters led by Solomon Asch asked students to participate in a "vision test." In reality, all but one of the participants were confederates of the experimenter, and the study was really about how the remaining student would react to the confederates' behavior.
The participants — the real subject and the confederates — were all seated in a classroom where they were told to announce their judgment of the length of several lines drawn on a series of displays. They were asked which line was longer than the other, which were the same length, etc. The confederates had been prearranged to all give an incorrect answer to the tests.
Many subjects showed extreme discomfort, but a high proportion (33%) conformed to the erroneous majority view of the others in the room, even when the majority said that two lines different in length by several inches were the same length. Control subjects with no exposure to a majority view had no trouble giving the correct answer.
One difference between the Asch conformity experiments and the (also famous in social psychology) Milgram experiment noted by Milgram is that subjects in these studies attributed themselves and their own "poor eyesight" and misjudgment, while those in the Milgram experiment blamed the experimenter in explaining their behavior. Conformity may be much less salient than authority pressure.
The Asch experiments may provide some vivid empirical evidence relevant to some of the ideas raised in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. See two plus two make five.
References
- Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgement. In H. Guetzkow (ed.) Groups, leadership and men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press (summary here (http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/soc_psych/asch_conform.html))
- Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, pp. 31-35.
- Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70 (Whole no. 416)
- Bond, R., & Smith, P. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch’s (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 111-137. PDF (http://www.radford.edu/~jaspelme/gradsoc/individualism_collectivism/conformity%20and%20culture.pdf)
External links
- Changingminds: Normative social influence (http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/normative_social_influence.htm)
- Age of the sage summary of one Asch experiment (http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html)
- BBC Radio: Mind changers: Solomon Asch (http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/mindchangers1.shtml)hu:Asch-kísérlet