Anura
|
|
| Anura | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Hyla (probably Hyla versicolor) | ||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Suborders | ||||||||
The Anura is the order of animals in the class Amphibia that includes frogs and toads. Although distinctions can be made between frogs and toads, those distinctions have no scientific status.
| Contents |
Bufonidae and toads
| Toads | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missing image Bufo_periglenes1.jpg Monte Verde Toad | ||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
| Genera | ||||||||||
|
Ansonia |
The true toads are amphibians in the Bufonidae family. A number of species in other families of Amphibia are commonly referred to as toads. This is because the characteristics that are popularly used to distinguish frogs from toads are not quite the same as those used for scientific classification.
The type species of the family Bufonidae is the Common toad, Bufo bufo, and around it cluster a large number of species of the same genus, and some smaller genera. B. bufo is a tailless amphibian of stout build, with a warty skin, and any animal that shares these characteristics is liable to be called a toad, regardless of its location in formal taxonomy.
That the shape of the body is not a safe guide in judging of anuran groups is shown by some true frogs (Rana), which have adapted to burrowing habits, and are absolutely toad-like. The Bufonidae include terrestrial, burrowing, thoroughly aquatic and arboreal types; Rhinophrynus, of Mexico, may be described as an anteater.
Almost all toads have two lumps near the head, called the parotid glands. These glands contain poison, which oozes out if the toad is angered. Some, like cane toads, are more poisonous than others.
The genus Bufo embraces about 250 species, and is represented in nearly every part of the world except the Australian region (with the exception of the introduced Cane Toad, Bufo marinus), Madagascar, and nearly all other isolated islands.
Australian_toad.jpg
Two species are found in the British Isles: the Common toad, Bufo bufo, and the Natterjack Toad, Bufo calamita. The former is found almost everywhere.
The Natterjack is local to England, the southwest of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It differs from the Common Toad in having shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds with a running gait) and in usually possessing orange/red warts, green eyes, and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.
The life cycle of a toad involves several stages. Typically adult toads gather in suitable pools, the first to arive usually being the males. Their croaking may well encourage the females to arrive. A female would wish to avoid arriving at a pond which did not have any males in attendance. Gravid female toads are actively and persistently sought out by males and many males will often try to attach themselves to a single female. This can result in very large masses of toads all clinging to each other with one female at the centre. Such agglomerations of toads can be the size of a soccer ball. Eventually one male will secure solitary possession. Amplexus is the process wherein the male grasps the female while she lays her eggs. At the same time, he fertilizes them with a fluid containing sperm. The eggs are about 2.0 to 2.8 millimetres in diameter and are dark brown and are covered in an outer shell of gelatinous transparent aterioal which swells in contact with water. The eggs, known as toadspawn hatch into tadpoles or toadpoles. Toads lay their eggs in long strings, forming double files in straight, jelly-like tubes. The tadpole stage develops gradually into an adolescent toadlet, resembling an adult but retaining a vestigial tail. Finally the toadlet develops into an adult toad. Typically, tadpoles are herbivores, feeding mostly on algae, whereas juvenile and adult toads are carnivores.
Most temperate species of toad reproduce in the period between late autumn to early spring. In the UK most Common toad populations produce frogspawn between January and March although there is wide variation in timing. Water temperatures at this time of year are relatively low and typically between four and 10 degrees celsius. Reproducing in these conditions helps the developing tadpoles since dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water are highest at cold temperatures. More importantly, reproducing early in the season ensures that appropriate food is available to the developing toads at the right time.
Most toads eat worm, insects and a range of small invertebrates. The majority of their diet is of terrestrial origin. They hunt mostly at night.
Ranidae and frogs
Frogs are amphibians in the Order Anura, which includes frogs and toads. Frogs look like toads, but are generally more slender and have a less warty skin. The true frogs are the Ranidae. The term "frog" has no meaning whatsoever in animal systematics, since many anuran families include both "frogs" and "toads".
Types of frogs
Frogs are a diverse group with some 4800 species. Most spend their lives in or near a source of water (water frogs), although tree frogs live in moist environments that are not actually aquatic. The requirement for water becomes most acute for egg and tadpole stages of the frog, yet here again some species are able to utilize temporary pools and water collected in the axils of plants.
The most familiar frog families are the true frogs Ranidae (common frog, bullfrog, edible frog, green frog, leopard frog), the Dendrobatids like the poison dart frogs and the tree frogs Hylidae.
A classification of anurans based on "frogs" and "toads" results in polyphyletic groups. For example, the Discoglossidae includes both "frogs" and "toads": midwife toads, fire-bellied toads and painted frogs, although fire-bellied toads are now classified in the Bombinatoridae.
Tiny_little_frog.jpg
Characteristics
Frogs range in size from less than 50mm (2.0 in) to 300mm (11.8 in) in Conraua goliath, which is the largest known frog. All frogs have horizontal pupils, smooth skin and long legs with webbing between their toes. This family has a bicornuated tongue that is attached in front. Frogs have three eyelid membranes: one transparent, for protecting the eyes underwater, and two which are translucent to opaque, like human eyelids. They also have a tympanum on each side of their head, which is involved in hearing. Many species of frogs have deep calls, or croaks. Frog noise tends to be spelt (for Engllish speakers) as "crrrrk" in Britain and "ribbit" in the USA: this difference may be due to Britain and the USA having different species of frogs; the croak of the bullfrog is sometimes spelt "jug o' rum". The Ancient Greeks (for example Aristophanes) transcribed the croak of the usual Greek species of frog as "korax" or "brekekekex co-ax co-ax". Small tropical frogs tend to have higher-pitched calls.
Some species of frog secrete toxins from their skin. These toxins deter predatory animals from eating them, and some are extremely poisonous to humans. Some natives of the Amazon area extract arrow-poison from the poison dart frog.
Distribution and Status
Members of this family are found worldwide, but they have a limited distribution in South America and Australia. They do not occur in the West Indies, nor on most oceanic islands.
In many parts of the world the frog population has declined drastically over the last few decades. Pollutants are one cause for this decline, but other culprits include climatic changes, parasitic infestation, introduction of non-indigenous predators/competitors, infectious diseases, and urban encroachment.
Life cycle
Missing image Frogspawn_closeup.JPG Frogspawn | Missing image Tadpoles_10_days.JPG The tadpoles, ten days later |
Missing image Frog-Zhe.jpg Froglet |  |
The life cycle of a frog involves several stages. Typically adult frogs gather in suitable pools, the first to arive usually being the males. Their croaking may well encourage the females to arrive. A female would wish to avoid arriving at a pond which did not have any males in attendance. Gravid female frogs are actively and persistently sought out by males and many males will often try to attach themselves to a single female but eventually one male will secure possession. Amplexus is the process wherein the male grasps the female while she lays her eggs. At the same time, he fertilizes them with a fluid containing sperm. The eggs are about 2.0 to 2.8 millimetres in diameter and are dark brown and are covered in an outer shell of gelatinous transparent material which swells in contact with water. The female frog lays her eggs in a shallow pond or creek, where they will be sheltered from the current and from predators. The eggs, known as frogspawn hatch into tadpoles. The tadpole stage develops gradually into a froglet, resembling an adult but retaining a vestigial tail. Finally the froglet develops into an adult frog. Typically, tadpoles are herbivores, feeding mostly on algae, whereas juvenile and adult frogs are rather voracious carnivores.
Most temperate species of frog reproduce in the period between late autumn to early spring. In the UK most Common Frog populations produce frogspawn in February although there is wide variation in timing. Water temperatures at this time of year are relatively low and typically between four and 10 degrees celsius. Reproducing in these conditions helps the developing tadpoles because dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water are highest at cold temperatures. More importantly, reproducing early in the season ensures that appropriate food is available to the developing frogs at the right time.
Diet
Most frogs eat insects such as mosquitoes, earthworms and small fish such as minnows; however, a few of the bigger ones may tackle larger prey, such as mice. Some frogs use their sticky tongues effectively in catching fast-moving prey. Still others capture their prey in their mouth with speed and agility. They hunt mostly at night.
A new frog
Main article: Purple Frog In 2003, Franky Bossuyt of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels) and S.D. Biji of the Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute in Palode, India reported the discovery of a new species of frog so distinct in appearance and DNA that it merited its own new family, the first new family for frogs since 1926. This new species, dubbed Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (commonly Purple Frog or Pignose Frog), is dark purple in color, seven centimeters in length, and has a small head and a pointy snout. Genetically, its closest living relatives are the Sooglossidae found in the Seychelles. The new species was discovered in the Sahyadri (Western Ghats) Mountains in India.
- BBC article with photos of the Purple Frog (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3200214.stm)
Frogs in popular culture
- Frogs feature prominently in folklore and fairy tales in many cultures, such as the story of The Frog Prince.
- One of the most famous frogs in the entertainment world is the Muppet character Kermit the Frog.
- The American TV network The WB (Warner Brothers) uses Michigan J. Frog, a frog in a tuxedo as their logo. Michigan J. Frog was the singing, dancing star of the 1955 Warner cartoon, "One Froggy Evening".
- Frogger is an early electronic arcade game, with a frog trying to cross a busy road and river.
- Frogs fall from the sky in various urban myths and notably in the movie Magnolia.
- The behavior of frogs illustrating nonaction is a myth. ("Take a pot of hot water and a frog. Throw the frog into the pot. What do you think will happen? The obvious, of course: the frog will jump out. Who likes hanging around in a pot of hot water? Now ... [t]ake a pot of cold water, put the frog in it, and place the pot on the stove. Turn on the heat. This time something different will occur. The frog, because of the incremental change in temperature, will not notice that it is slowly being boiled." from "Life and Death in the Executive Fast Lane" by Manfred Kets de Vries) Professor Doug Melton, Harvard University Biology Department, says, "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot -- they don't sit still for you." [1] (http://www.fastcompany.com/online/01/frog.html) A frog put anywhere that doesn't kill it will jump, "they don't sit still for you."
- Paul McCartney's " Rupert and the Frog Song" was released in 1984 and reached no.3 in the British Charts.
Scientific classification
There are around 5,070 species currently recognized in the Anura class. The living Anura are typically divided into three suborders:
- Suborder Archaeobatrachia - 4 families, 6 genera, 28 species; includes the tailed frog and midwife toad
- Suborder Mesobatrachia - 6 families, 20 genera, 168 species; includes spadefoot toad, tongueless frogs, Mexican burrowing toad
- Suborder Neobatrachia - 19 families, 310 genera, 4688 species
See also
External links
- The Global Amphibian Assessment (http://www.globalamphibians.org/)
- Anura database (http://www.livingunderworld.org/anura/database)
- The Whole Frog Project (http://www-itg.lbl.gov/ITG.hm.pg.docs/Whole.Frog/Whole.Frog.html) ~ (virtual frog dissection and anatomy)
- Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried (http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/frogsdecline.html) San Francisco Chronicle, April 20, 1992
- The Lily Pad (http://www.thelilypad.org/) - Frog information, care, and culture.
- The Froggy Page (http://www.frogsonice.com/froggy/) ~ Frog fun
- Dart Den (http://www.dartden.com) ~ Dart frog resource and forums
- Xenbase (http://www.xenbase.org/) ~ A Xenopus laevis and tropicalis Web Resource
- History and Lore of the Toad (http://www.traditionalwitchcraft.org/folklore/toad.html)
- Birds May Be Behind Exploding German Toads (http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20050429/ap_on_sc/germany_exploding_toads/nc:757;_ylt=A0LaS.OQDnJCXq0AWy8SH9EA;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPUCUl) "it appears that a bird pecks into the toad with its beak between the amphibian's chest and abdominal cavity, and the toad puffs itself up as a natural defense mechanism. But, because the liver is missing and there's a hole in the toad's body, the blood vessels and lungs burst and the other organs ooze out"
Template:Commonscatda:Frøer og tudser (Anura) de:Froschlurche es:Anuro eo:Anuro fr:Anoures it:Anura li:Kwakkers en padde lt:Beuodegiai varliagyviai nl:Anura pl:płazy bezogonowe pt:Anura zh:无尾目