Alps
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- This article is about the Alps in Europe. For other mountain ranges see Alps (disambiguation).
The Alps is the collective name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east, through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west. The word Alps means mountains. The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc at 4810 meters on the French-Italian border.
Alps_in_the_Chamonix_Valley,_near_the_Mer_de_Glace.jpg
- Limits of the Alps
- Climate of the Alps
- Main chain of the Alps
- Principal passes of the Alps
- Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps
- Exploration of the High Alps
- Geology of the Alps
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Ranges, Peaks and Passes of the Alps
The Alps are generally divided into Western Alps and Eastern Alps. The division is along the line between Lake Constance along the Rhine to Lake Como. The Western Alps are located in Italy, France and Switzerland, the Eastern Alps in Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia and Switzerland. The highest peak of the Western Alps is Mont Blanc, 4810 m. The highest peak in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina, 4052 m.
The Eastern Alps are commonly subdivided according to the different geological composition of the more central parts of the Alps and the groups at its northern and southern fringes: Northern Limestone Alps, Central Eastern Alps and Southern Limestone Alps. The border between the Central Eastern Alps and the Southern Limestone Alps is the so-called Periadriatic Seam. The Northern Limestone Alps are separated from the Central Eastern Alps by the Grauwacken Zone.
A further subdivision can be made:
- Western Alps
- Eastern Alps
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chains of the Alps, including the French Prealps.
The main peaks of the Alps can be found at List of mountains of the Alps. See the articles of the alpine subdivisions for detailed lists of peaks and passes.
Flora
Many writers take the growth of grain as the characteristic of the mountain region; but so many varieties of all the common species are in cultivation, and these have such different climatal requirements, that they do not afford a factory criterion.
A more natural limit is afforded by the presence of the chief deciduous trees -- oak, beech, ash and sycamore maple. These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the wild herbaceous vegetation. This limit usually lies about 1200 m above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1500 m, sometimes even to 1700 m.
It must not be supposed that this region is always marked by the presence of the characteristic trees. The interference of man has in many districts almost extirpated them, and, excepting the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, a considerable wood of deciduous trees is scarcely anywhere to be found. In many districts where such woods once existed, their place has been occupied by the Scots pine and Norway spruce, which suffer less from the ravages of goats, the worst enemies of tree vegetation. The mean annual temperature of this region differs little from that of the British Islands; but the climatal conditions are widely different. Here snow usually lies for several months, till it gives place to a spring and summer considerably warmer than the average of British seasons.
See also
External links
cs:Alpy da:Alperne de:Alpen et:Alpid als:Alpen es:Alpes eo:Alpoj fr:Alpes ga:Sliabh Alpa it:Alpi he:הרי האלפים lt:Alpės nl:Alpen ja:アルプス山脈 no:Alpene pl:Alpy pt:Alpes ru:Альпы fi:Alpit sl:Alpe sv:Alperna uk:Альпи zh:阿尔卑斯山