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- Moon (37975 bytes)
6: ...ll.jpg|250px|none|The Moon as seen by an observer from Earth]]
7: <small><font color="white">The Moon as seen from Earth</font></small>
190: ...', the terms ''selene/seleno'' and ''cynthion'' (from the [[Lunar deity|Lunar deities]] [[Selene]] an...
192: The average distance from the Moon to the Earth is 384,403 [[kilometre]]s...
194: ...o 11]]. The first men sent ''to'' the Moon were [[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]] and [[Wi... - Beryllium (15119 bytes)
141: ...berated when it is hit by [[alpha particle]]s, as from [[radium]] or [[polonium]] (about 30 neutrons/m...
152: .../Telescope/mirrortale/ (Beryllium related details from NASA here)] will have 18 hexagonal beryllium se...
155: ...[beryl]] and in [[emerald]]s. [[Friedrich Woehler|Friedrich W?r]] and [[Antoine Alexandre Brutus Bussy...
167: ...d to examine [[soil erosion]], [[soil formation]] from [[regolith]], the development of [[laterite|lat...
188: ... humans because very little beryllium is absorbed from the stomach and intestines. Ulcers have been se... - Cadmium (10755 bytes)
175: *Due to a low [[coefficient of friction]] and very good fatigue resistance, it is u...
181: ...r [[solar cell]]s. [[HgCdTe]] is sensitive to [[infrared]].
186: ...nts|discovered]] in [[Germany]] in [[1817]] by [[Friedrich Strohmeyer]]. Strohmeyer found the new ele...
188: ...ighly toxic, the [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] from 1907 states that [[cadmium iodide]] was used as...
194: ...tion, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling [[iron]] and [[stee... - Carbon (15360 bytes)
19: ...al to life, and esters, which give flavor to many fruits. The [[isotope]] [[carbon-14]] is commonly us...
37: ...r form to [[adsorption|adsorb]] toxins or poisons from the digestive system.
53: ...ectricity]]. The material is soft and the sheets, frequently separated by other atoms, are held togeth...
89: ...d deposits are in [[Africa]], notably in [[South Africa]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], the [[Republic o...
105: ...t. Thus processes that use carbon must obtain it from somewhere, and dispose of it somewhere. The pa... - Graphite (4209 bytes)
23: | [[Fracture]]|| Flaky, otherwise rough when not on clev...
29: | [[Refractive index]]|| Opaque
44: ...''' (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in [[1789]], from the [[Greek language|Greek]] γρα...
58: ...he tightly-bound planes, but are slower to travel from one plane to another. - Cerium (12377 bytes)
176: ...oling of the metal can change its oxidation state from about 3 to 4.
223: The isotopes of cerium range in [[atomic weight]] from 123 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (123-Ce) to 152 u (1...
226: ...h bismuth and antimony are very exothermic. Fumes from cerium fires are toxic. Water should not be use... - Chromium (13677 bytes)
134: ...t pigment developed rapidly. A bright yellow made from crocoite became a very fashionable color.
138: ...the remainder used in the chemical industry and refractory and foundry industries.
140: ...or]], because of the many colorful compounds made from it.
146: ...chromite ore in the world is produced in [[South Africa]]. [[Kazakhstan]], [[India]] and [[Turkey]] a...
147: ...phically concentrated in Kazakhstan and southern Africa. - Cobalt (13481 bytes)
102: ...th 1.6~1.7 [[Bohr magneton]]s per [[atom]]. It is frequently associated with [[nickel]], and both are ...
130: ...y radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from favor in the Western world where [[linacs]] are...
142: ... [[nickel]]). Some also think the name may derive from Greek ''kobalos'', which means 'mine', and whic...
149: Cobalt is not found as a free metal and is generally found in the form of [[o...
157: The isotopes of cobalt range in [[atomic weight]] from 50 [[atomic mass unit|amu]] (<sup>50</sup>Co) t... - Hafnium (9162 bytes)
162: ... compound known and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides with a [[meltin...
179: It was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of...
182: ...l [[zirconium]] compounds but does not exist as a free element in nature. [[Mineral]]s that contain zi... - Iron (23778 bytes)
135: ...of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer...
137: ...ed from iron ore, and is hardly ever found in the free (elemental) state. In order to obtain elementa...
146: ...icance is that of an intermediate step on the way from [[iron ore]] to [[cast iron]] and [[steel]].
154: ... northern and western European languages, derives from the [[Etruscan]] ''aisar'' which means "the god...
156: ... numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the prod... - Lanthanum (10184 bytes)
109: ** [[Infrared]] absorbing glass.
110: ...] [[Lens (optics)|lenses]], because of the high refractive index and low dispersion of rare-earth glas...
124: ...g the resulting salt with dilute [[nitric acid]]. From the resulting solution, he isolated a new rare ...
126: The word ''lanthanum'' comes from the Greek ''lanthanein'', to lie hidden.
139: ... isotopes of lanthanum range in [[atomic weight]] from 117 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (<sup>117</sup>La) t... - Magnesium (9193 bytes)
7: ...of this metal is to aid the removal of [[sulfur]] from iron and steel.
15: ...e production of pure [[uranium]] and other metals from their [[salt]]s.
17: * Dead-burned magnesite is used for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnac...
21: ...ing of [[tablet|tablets]], to prevent the tablets from sticking to the equipment during the tablet com...
26: The name originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for a distric... - Aluminium (26079 bytes)
48: ...the [[world economy]]. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the [[aerospace]] indust...
58: ...so coated with a thin layer of aluminium, but are front coated to avoid internal reflections even thou...
82: ...lue if people started producing this bright metal from clay. Therefore, instead of giving the goldsmit...
86: ...in bauxite ore and successfully extracted it. The Frenchman [[Henri Saint-Claire Deville]] improved W?...
88: ...t process]] in [[1886]] made extracting aluminium from minerals cheaper, and is now the principal meth... - Manganese (14965 bytes)
108: ...re +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, though oxidation states from +1 to +7 are observed. Mn<sup>2+</sup> often co...
119: ...he exceptional hardness of Spartan steels derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese...
130: ...n 80% of the world's identified resources; South Africa accounts for more than 80% of the total exclus...
132: ...ganese contained in all manganese imports: South Africa, 31%; Gabon, 21%; Australia, 13%; Mexico, 8%; ...
148: ...t suggests Mn-Cr isotopic systematics must result from in-situ decay of <sup>53</sup>Mn in differentia... - Mercury (element) (24761 bytes)
177: ...aratuses. Mercury is mostly obtained by reduction from the [[mineral]] [[cinnabar]].
184: ...nd [[cadmium]] and does not displace [[hydrogen]] from [[acid]]s. Common [[oxidation state]]s of this ...
206: ...]], mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health. The [...
208: ...lity to transform mercury into any metal resulted from the essentially mercurial quality of all metals...
210: ... modern [[chemical symbol]] for mercury. It comes from hydrargyrum, a [[Latin]]ized form of the [[Gree... - Molybdenum (10247 bytes)
175: ...ndustry. Molybdenum oranges are pigments, ranging from [[red]]-[[yellow]] to a bright red [[Orange (co...
178: ... until the late [[19th century]]. Subsequently, a French company, [[Schneider and Co]], tried molybden...
181: ...opper]] mining. Molybdenum is present in [[ore]]s from 0.01% to about 0.5%. About half of the world's ...
183: ... pure molybdenum in a [[pyroxene]] fragment taken from [[Mare Crisium]] on the [[Moon]].
192: ...emical industry, but to date, no instance of harm from this exposure has been reported. Though water-s... - Nickel (13955 bytes)
171: ...ys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by [[cobalt]], both being fou...
194: ...and can be traced back as far as 3500 BC. Bronzes from what is now Syria had a nickel content of up to...
196: ...ederik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel (now called niccolite), and obtain...
210: The bulk of the nickel mined comes from two types of [[ore]] deposits. The first are [[...
217: ...neral concentrates are produced by applying the [[froth flotation]] process. - Niobium (10560 bytes)
179: ...d combustion equipment. For example, advanced air frame systems such as those used in the [[Gemini pro...
187: ...ts; the IUPAC accepted [[tungsten]] instead of wolfram, in deference to North American usage; and niob...
190: The element is never found as a free element but does occur in the minerals [[Ferroc... - Nitrogen (10073 bytes)
39: ...phere. It [[condensation|condenses]] at 77 K and freezes at 63 K. Liquid nitrogen is a common [[cryo...
44: ... Liquid nitrogen is produced by [[distillation]] from [[liquid air]].
53: ...air'' or ''phlogisticated air''. That there was a fraction of air that did not support [[combustion]] ...
60: ...t) and is acquired for industrial purposes by the fractional [[distillation]] of liquid air or by mech...
73: ...an|soybean plant]], can recover nitrogen directly from the atmosphere because their roots have nodules... - Oxygen (9039 bytes)
37: ...] and [[bacteria]]). The atmospheric abundance of free oxygen in later geological epochs and up to the...
42: ...spiration in animals. The word ''oxygen'' derives from two words in [[Greek language|Greek]], ''oxys''...
44: .... Liquid O<sub>2</sub> is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Both liquid a...
75: Oxygen derivatives are prone to form [[free radicals]], especially in metabolic processes. ...
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