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- Flowering plant (29088 bytes)
15: ==History==
16: ...r [[Robert Brown]] had established in 1827 the existence of truly naked ovules in the [[Cycadophyta|Cy...
18: ...], fixed the position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm th...
22: ...conceivable gradation, embracing aquatic and terrestrial herbs, creeping, erect or climbing in habit, ...
24: ...lants with some identifiable angiosperm characteristics appear in the Jurassic and early [[Cretaceous]... - Relic (11473 bytes)
1: ...e [[religious denomination|denominations]] of Christianity, a '''relic''' is an object of [[Religion|r...
3: ==Christian relics==
5: ===History of Christian relics===
7: ...are objects is the passage in Acts mentioning how Paul's handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing p...
9: ...[Golden Legend]]'' or the works of [[Caesar of Heisterbach]]. These miracle tales made relics much so... - Painting (4567 bytes)
1: ...rhaps the best-known artistic painting in the [[Western world]].]]
2: ... painting is considered by many to be among the most important of the [[art]] forms.
6: ==[[History of painting]]==
8: The oldest known '''paintings''' are at the [[Grotte Chauvet...
10: ''See also [[Art history]].'' - Clavichord (3295 bytes)
3: ...x 1/3 feet and four octaves in range), the last instruments built were up to seven feet long with a si...
5: ...d by varying the force of the tangent against the string, which is known as ''[[bebung]]'', and can be...
7: ...ften built ''unfretted'', with a separate pair of strings for each key.
9: ...edals, for the practice use of [[pipe organ|organists]]. This use was common in the days before the in...
11: ...pp Emmanuel Bach]] was a great proponent of the instrument. - Vernacular architecture (3581 bytes)
1: ... have been praised by many writers for their sophisticated adaptation to their environment and users' ...
3: ... are involved in only a small percentage of built structures.
5: ... and economic terms beyond the short term." [[Christopher Alexander]] attempted to identify adaptive f...
9: ...vernacular architecture hold that these characteristics define a more useful and fundamental partition...
12: *[[Half-timbered construction]] - Bassoon (11661 bytes)
2: ...d chamber music literature. It is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, variety of charact...
4: ==History and development==
5: <br style="clear:both;">
6: ... It was, like the modern instrument,frequently constructed of maple, with thick walls to allow finger-...
8: ...eed, the word began to be used to refer to this instrument in particular. - Contrabassoon (3761 bytes)
3: ... mm in total length as compared to 53-58 mm for most bassoon reeds.
4: ...ng is slightly different, particularly at the register change and in the extreme high range.
5: ...strap. Additional support is sometimes given by a strap around the player's neck. A wider hand positio...
6: ...ly more air volume required in playing, and the instrument does not respond as quickly.
7: ...densation, and a tuning slide for gross pitch adjustments. - Oboe (5230 bytes)
3: ...[musician]] who plays the oboe is called an [[oboist]]. Careful manipulation of [[embouchure]] and air...
5: ==The instrument==
7: ...with other instruments. However, the advanced oboist can produce a rich, warm, and beautiful tone.
9: ... Subtle changes in pitch are also possible by adjusting the [[embouchure]].
11: ...melody instrument in early military bands until ousted by the clarinet. - Alto saxophone (1789 bytes)
2: ...e less tubing an instrument has, the higher the instrument's range is.
4: ...tissimo register), however, are less-frequently mastered.
6: The alto saxophone is a [[transposing instrument]] and reads the [[treble clef]] in the key ...
8: ...e tenor, and many great concert solos for alto exist. It has great versatility and is used commonly in...
10: ... on alto. The alto and tenor saxophones are the most commonly played. Some companies that produce saxo... - Horn (instrument) (19243 bytes)
2: ...ugh this usage is uncommon among players of the instrument.
4: In other languages, the instrument is named ''Horn'' ([[German language|Gr.]])...
6: ... of the staff in [[bass clef]] to the C above the staff in [[treble clef]].
8: == History ==
12: ...hanging the speed at which the lips vibrated against the mouthpiece. - Harmonica (21752 bytes)
2: ...Free reed instrument|free reed]] musical [[wind instrument]] (also
7: interrupting an airstream to produce [[sound]].
9: Unlike most free-reed instruments (such as [[organ (music)|reed organ]]s, [[...
10: ...dica]]s), the mouth harmonica lacks a keyboard. Instead,
24: ...e harmonica consists of a "comb" made of wood, plastic or metal which - James Madison (15187 bytes)
15: | party=[[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republ...
18: ...r of something|Father of the]] [[United States Constitution]]''.
21: ...e their northwestern territories (consisting of most of modern-day [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennes...
23: ...ss, Madison was one of the strongest advocates of state representation depending on population.
25: ...he definitive contemporary commentary on the [[Constitution]] of the U.S. Madison's arguments were pow... - Printing press (12986 bytes)
1: ...g, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Laurens Janszoon Coster]] has also been credited with this invention.
4: ...exts such as the "Pauper's Bibles" emphasized illustrations and used words sparsely. As a new block ha...
6: ...ever extensively used in China until the European style printing press was introduced in relatively re...
8: ...[[The Netherlands|Dutchman]] [[Laurens Janszoon Coster]].
12: ...ay. Books produced in this period, between the first work of Johann Gutenberg and the year 1500, are c... - Australia (39438 bytes)
2: native_name =Commonwealth of Australia|
3: common_name =Australia|
4: image_flag =Australia_flag_large.png|
5: image_coat =Aust_Coat_of_Arms_(large).jpg|
6: image_map =LocationAustralia.png|290px| - Canada (35540 bytes)
3: ...cle concise, please consider adding information instead to one of the many "main" articles about Canad...
6: ...n area (after [[Russia]]). Bordering the [[United States]], its territorial claims extend north into t...
8: ...th II of Canada|Queen Elizabeth II]] as [[head of state]].
10: ...05|June 2005]] is 32.2 million people [http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm].
15: ...ch), and the [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]], who is the head of government, have official... - Iraq (19222 bytes)
1: ... by BBC news, CNN, The New York Times, The Economist)
2: ...align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; bor...
3: ...big><br>{{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|listen}}
5: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2...
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#efefef;" - Saint Kitts and Nevis (6100 bytes)
2: ...align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; bor...
5: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2...
7: | align="center" width="140px" | [[Image:St kitts and nevis flag large.png|125px|Flag of Sain...
13: | align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | <small>''[[...
15: | align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | [[Image:LocationSaint... - Germany (46412 bytes)
1: ... [[Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]], and to the east by [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]].
3: ...align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; bor...
6: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;"
13: ...eit''<br>([[German language|German]]: Unity and Justice and Freedom)
15: ...ional anthem]]: [[Das Lied der Deutschen]]<br>3rd stanza (''Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit'') - Brazil (12581 bytes)
1: ...[[agriculture|agricultural]] lands and [[rain forest]]s. A former [[colony]] of Portugal, Brazil has [...
5: == History ==
6: ''Main article: [[History of Brazil]]''
8: ...d and a [[federation|federal]] [[republic]] was established on [[15 November]] [[1889]].
10: ...ese]] immigrants. That period also saw Brazil industrialise and further occupy its interior. Brazilia... - Belgium (31774 bytes)
1: ...erman]]: ''K?reich Belgien'') is a country in [[Western Europe]], bordered by the [[Netherlands]], [[G...
3: ...nstitutions and [[Politics of Belgium|political history]].
4: ...align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; bor...
7: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;"
13: ...eit macht stark<br>([[English language|English]]: Strength lies in unity'')</small>
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