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- Pulmonary alveolus (8193 bytes)
1: ...with the [[blood]]. The alveoli are found in the respiratory zone of the [[lung|lungs]]
6: ...een alveoli. There are two major alveolar cell types in the alveolar wall:
7: * Type I cells that form the structure of a alveolar wall
8: * Type II cells that secrete surfactant to lower the surface ten...
10: ...urfactants, and [[pore]]s help to equalize pressures and prevent collapse. - Eye (21834 bytes)
1: ...r on different planes producing two separate "images" ([[monocular vision]]), such as in [[rabbit]]s a...
3: == Varieties of eyes ==
5: ...b|Diagram of a [[human]] eye. Note that not all eyes have the same anatomy as a human eye.]]
7: ... Cross Section Illustration of the Human Eye courtesy of [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
9: ...lopment, while mollusk eyes grow inward from skin cells. - Retina (13061 bytes)
1: ...art.com Classroom Clip Art]]] Many animals have eyes different from the human eye.]]
3: The '''retina''' is a thin layer of cells at the back of the [[eye]]ball of [[vertebrate]]...
5: ... into [[action potential]]s in retinal [[ganglion cell]]s whose [[axon]]s form the [[optic nerve]]. The ...
7: ...in Physiology or Medicine]] for their scientific research on the retina.
9: The unique structure of the [[blood vessel]]s in the retina have been used for [[biometri... - Heart (10132 bytes)
3: ...n]] that [[pump]]s [[blood]] through the [[blood vessel]]s by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The ter...
7: ...singular: ''atrium'') and the two lower ''ventricles''.
9: ...ional flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles.
11: ...ventricle pumps blood throughout the body's arteries and veins; the right ventricle pumps blood to the...
15: ...m the left atrium this newly oxygenated blood passes through the [[mitral valve]] to enter the left ve... - Kidney (12846 bytes)
3: ... medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases affecting the kidney is called [[nephrology]].
9: ...l level T12 to L3, and the right kidney usually lies slightly lower than the left in order to accommod...
18: ...y is called the [[renal cortex]], deep to which lies the [[renal medulla]]. The innermost portion is t...
20: ... molecules while secreting other, unneeded molecules. Reabsorption and secretion are accomplished with...
24: ...iltrate, which enter the kidney tubule. Blood leaves the glomerulus through an ''efferent'' (out-going... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...also produces [[bile]], which is important for digestion. Medical terms related to the liver often sta...
5: ... the right side of the upper abdomen. The liver lies [[anterior]] to the [[gallbladder]] and superior ...
7: ...ess the nutrients and toxic byproducts of food digestion. The hepatic [[vein]]s drain directly into th...
9: ...la of Vater]]. The branchings of the bile ducts resemble those of a tree, and indeed the term "biliar...
14: ... the liver into four lobes based on surface features. - Pancreas (4781 bytes)
1: ...ncreas''' is a [[retroperitoneal]] organ that serves two functions:
2: ...ne]] - it produces pancreatic juice containing digestive [[enzyme]]s
3: * [[endocrine system|endocrine]] - it produces several important [[hormone]]s
9: ...stem showing bile duct.gif|Overview diagram of digestive system showing bile duct]]</div>
11: ...c duct]] runs the length of the pancreas and empties into the second part of the duodenum at the [[amp... - Skin (8340 bytes)
2: ...ry system]]; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying [[muscle]]s and [[organ (...
4: ...ns in a visually dramatic manner. This has sometimes led to the classification of people(s) on the bas...
6: ...s, the skin is very hard and thick and can be processed to create [[leather]].
10: ...surface area of all the organs. Moreover, it applies to weight, as it weighs more than any single inte...
15: ...]]'' and the ''[[dermis]]''. Below these layers lies the ''[[hypodermis]]'', which is not usually clas... - Spleen (4479 bytes)
1: ...een, or in the treatment of certain [[blood diseases]] ([[haemorrhagic purpura]], [[familial jaundice]...
3: ...lar lymphoid sheaths, rich in [[T cell|T-lymphocytes]].
5: ...o known as [[splenomegaly]], occurs in many diseases and disorders, including [[malaria]], [[bacterial...
7: ...ons in the spleen during repeated sickle-cell crises.
9: ...ping]] themselves with their own stored red blood cells to try to achieve the same effect, but the human... - Stomach (5970 bytes)
1: ... food; this task is usually performed by the [[intestine]].
2: [[Latin]] names for the stomach include ''Ventriculus'' and ''Gas...
6: ...n of [[hydrochloric acid]]) with [[peptidase]] digestive [[enzyme]]s.
8: ...egurgitated and rechewed at least once in the process.
16: ...[esophagus]] and the first part of the [[small intestine]] (the [[duodenum]]). It is on the left side ... - Bone (11388 bytes)
1: ...ium metabolism]], and [[mineral storage]]. The bones of an animal are, collectively, known as the [[sk...
3: [[Evolution]]ary alternatives to bones are [[animal shell|shell]]s and [[chitin]].
6: ...c components (chiefly [[collagen]]). Bone is a [[mesh]], the [[density]] of which may vary at differen...
9: ...use of its density, it has a low surface area. Cancellous bone is trabecular (honeycomb structure), it h...
11: ... often replaced by lamellar bone as growth continues. - Ductless gland (434 bytes)
1: ...e also ductless glands, as they secrete the hormones they produce directly into the blood or lymph sys... - Salivary gland (1370 bytes)
1: ...ge of food down from the oro-[[pharynx]] to the [[esophagus]] to the [[stomach]].
6: ...tains a mixture of both types of cells, and produces a mixture of the two liquids.
10: ...(''par- = next to, -otid = ear''), and is the largest of the salivary glands.
11: * The [[sublingual gland]] lies underneath the tongue.
12: ...mandibular gland]] is a U-shaped structure, and lies beneath the ramus of the [[mandible]] (the angle ... - Thyroid (5421 bytes)
3: ... butterfly-shaped: the wings correspond to the lobes and the body to the isthmus of the thyroid. Norma...
8: * and [[calcitonin]], which regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism
10: The production of these hormones is regulated by [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (...
14: ...e of thyroid cells, [[parafollicular cell]]s or C cells, which secrete [[calcitonin]].
16: ==Causes of thyroid problems== - Parathyroid gland (1913 bytes)
6: ... glands [[parathyroid chief cell]]s and [[oxyphil cell]]s.
9: ...ands are to regulate the calcium level in our bodies within a very narrow range so that the nervous an...
14: ...a cystica]]. Since hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925, the symptoms have become known as ...
16: ...s often used to determine which parathyroids are responsible for overproduction. - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
1: ...s (medicine)|stress]] response through the [[synthesis]] of [[corticosteroid]]s and [[catecholamine]]s...
5: ...nput from the [[nervous system]]. As its name suggests, the adrenal medulla is situated within the adr...
7: ...r cortical cells produce [[androgen]]s such as [[testosterone]], while some regulate [[water]] and [[e...
11: ... [[preganglionic fiber]]s. Moreover, as the synapses between pre- and postganglionic fibers are called...
13: ...hich are characteristic of the [[fight-or-flight response]]. - Pineal gland (4403 bytes)
1: ...al switching point of the [[thalamus|thalamic bodies]]. It is also referred to as the '''pineal body'...
5: ... the laterally positioned [[thalamus|thalamic bodies]]. It is part of the [[epithalamus]].
11: ...ocyte, pineal neurons and peptidergic neuron-like cells.
13: ...sphate and carbonate of calcium, phosphate of magnesium and ammonia, and a little animal matter. <!-- ...
17: ...latonin by the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Light can be detected by... - Connective tissue (1646 bytes)
1: ...tracellular matrix]]. There are several basic types:
3: ...led [[osteocyte]]s embedded in a mineralized extracellular matrix, and functions for general support.
6: ...joint]]s, where it provides cushioning. The extracellular matrix of cartilage is composed primarily of ...
7: ...te]]. The main cellular component is [[red blood cell]]s.
11: ...nnective tissue conditions have been described, these can be both inherited and environmental. - Endothelium (1463 bytes)
1: ...re often the only cell-type present. Endothelial cells are involved in many aspects of vascular biology...
2: ...asodilation]], and hence the control of [[blood pressure]]
5: * formation of new blood vessels ([[angiogenesis]])
8: ...ons. Examples of such unique endothelial structures include the [[glomerulus (kidney)|renal glomerulu...
10: ...]]. This is very common in patients with [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypertension]] or other chronic pat... - Epithelium (4397 bytes)
1: ...d vessels) or external (e.g. [[skin]]) free surfaces of the body.
3: ...line the insides of the [[lung]]s, the [[gastrointestinal tract]], the reproductive and urinary tracts...
5: ... secretion, absorption and protection. Epithelial cells sit on a [[basal lamina]] (formerly called a bas...
8: Epithelial cells are classified by the following three factors: -
12: ...thelium cells.jpg|thumb|350px|Types of epithelium cells]]
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